Sequence analysis of mouse vomeronasal receptor gene clusters reveals common promoter motifs and a history of recent expansion

Lane, Robert P.; Cutforth, Tyler; Axel, Richard; Hood, Leroy; Trask, Barbara J.

doi:10.1073/pnas.012608399

Cited by 62 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…L1 density differs between species, so it would be interesting to see how V1R repertoire size correlates with L1 density. After the procedure of Lane et al (22), we found that 21% of the DNA sequences in the genomic regions harboring dog V1R genes are L1 elements, lower than the corresponding density (40%) in the mouse V1R loci (22) or the average density (25%) in the mouse genome (56). The L1 density of the genomic regions containing cow V1R genes is also 21%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is unknown what factors have promoted the dramatic expansions in rodents but have only allowed limited expansion in cows and virtually no expansion in dogs. Lane and colleagues (22,55) suggested that the V1R gene duplications in rodents were mediated by L1 repetitive elements. These elements, which are known to have been active in rodents around the time of the mouse-rat divergence, densely populate the regions of the mouse and rat genomes where V1Rs are located.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For easy comparison, we used the same criterion as used in ref. 22 to calculate the L1 density. More specifically, we estimated the L1 density in the intergenic regions for tandem-linked V1R genes and that in 10,000 nucleotides upstream and downstream of the coding regions for nontandem-linked V1R genes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dramatic variation of the vomeronasal pheromone receptor gene repertoire among five orders of placental and marsupial mammals

Grus

Shi

Zhang

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

179

209

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Pheromones are chemicals emitted and sensed by conspecifics to elicit social and sexual responses and are perceived in terrestrial vertebrates primarily by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Pheromone receptors in the mammalian VNO are encoded by the V1R and V2R gene superfamilies. The V1R superfamily contains 187 and 102 putatively functional genes in the mouse and rat, respectively. To investigate whether this large repertoire size is typical among mammals with functional VNOs, we here describe the V1R repertoires of dog, cow, and opossum based on their draft genome sequences. The dog and cow have only 8 and 32 intact V1R genes, respectively. Thus, the intact V1R repertoire size varies by at least 23-fold among placental mammals with functional VNOs. To our knowledge, this size ratio represents the greatest among-species variation in gene family size of all mammalian gene families. Phylogenetic analysis of placental V1R genes suggests multiple losses of ancestral genes in carnivores and artiodactyls and gains of many new genes by gene duplication in rodents, manifesting massive gene births and deaths. We also identify 49 intact opossum V1R genes and discover independent expansions of the repertoire in placentals and marsupials. We further show a concordance between the V1R repertoire size and the complexity of VNO morphology, suggesting that the latter could indicate the sophistication of pheromone communications within species. In sum, our results demonstrate tremendous diversity and rapid evolution of mammalian V1R gene inventories and caution the generalization of VNO biology from rodents to all mammals. evolution ͉ dog ͉ cow ͉ opossum ͉ rodents

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dramatic variation of the vomeronasal pheromone receptor gene repertoire among five orders of placental and marsupial mammals

Grus

Shi

Zhang

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

179

209

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“…Hence, the requirement of M10 molecules for the transport of some V2Rs to cell membranes is probably a rodent-specific phenomenon and the use of ESPs as potentially V2R-recognizing pheromones are also rodent-specific. Previous phylogenetic analyses of V1R and V2R genes showed that only a few one-to-one orthologous gene pairs exist even between closely related species such as the mouse and rat, due to rapid birth and death of vomeronasal receptor genes (Lane et al 2002(Lane et al , 2004Grus and Zhang 2004;Yang et al 2005). Interestingly, similar patterns are found in the M10 and ESP genes.…”

Section: Evolution Of Protein Families That Interact With V2rsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomic analysis identifies an evolutionary shift of vomeronasal receptor gene repertoires in the vertebrate transition from water to land

Shi¹,

Zhang²

2007

Genome Res.

198

235

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Two evolutionarily unrelated superfamilies of G-protein coupled receptors, V1Rs and V2Rs, bind pheromones and "ordinary" odorants to initiate vomeronasal chemical senses in vertebrates, which play important roles in many aspects of an organism's daily life such as mating, territoriality, and foraging. To study the macroevolution of vomeronasal sensitivity, we identified all V1R and V2R genes from the genome sequences of 11 vertebrates. Our analysis suggests the presence of multiple V1R and V2R genes in the common ancestor of teleost fish and tetrapods and reveals an exceptionally large among-species variation in the sizes of these gene repertoires. Interestingly, the ratio of the number of intact V1R genes to that of V2R genes increased by ∼50-fold as land vertebrates evolved from aquatic vertebrates. A similar increase was found for the ratio of the number of class II odorant receptor (OR) genes to that of class I genes, but not in other vertebrate gene families. Because V1Rs and class II ORs have been suggested to bind to small airborne chemicals, whereas V2Rs and class I ORs recognize water-soluble molecules, these increases reflect a rare case of adaptation to terrestrial life at the gene family level. Several gene families known to function in concert with V2Rs in the mouse are absent outside rodents, indicating rapid changes of interactions between vomeronasal receptors and their molecular partners. Taken together, our results demonstrate the exceptional evolutionary fluidity of vomeronasal receptors, making them excellent targets for studying the molecular basis of physiological and behavioral diversity and adaptation.[Supplemental material is available online at www.genome.org.]Olfaction, or nasal chemoreception, plays a critical role in the daily life of vertebrates. The nasal cavity of most air-breathing vertebrates contains two distinct olfactory tissues/organs: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) (Dulac and Torello 2003). MOE-mediated olfaction and VNO-mediated olfaction use completely different receptors and signal transduction pathways, and excite different regions of the brain (Dulac and Torello 2003). It was initially thought that MOE and VNO have distinct functions, as MOE detects "ordinary" odorants whereas VNO is specialized for detecting pheromones (Dulac 1997;Buck 2000). This view is changing, as several studies suggested that the MOE can also detect pheromones, whereas the VNO can also detect ordinary odorants (Sam et al. 2001;Boehm et al. 2005;Mandiyan et al. 2005;Yoon et al. 2005;Baxi et al. 2006). Here, pheromones refer to a loosely defined class of chemicals that are emitted and sensed by individuals of the same species to elicit sexual/social behaviors and physiological changes. Examples of pheromone-related behaviors and physiological changes include individual recognition, induction of early puberty, block of pregnancy, and male-male aggression (Keverne 1999).The molecular biology of vertebrate olfaction is best understood in the laboratory mouse Mus m...

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“…Their natural ligands are highly diverse, comprising biogenic amines (such as adrenaline, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin), peptides (such as angiotensins, bradykinins, somatostatins, and melanocortins), large proteins (such as luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone), nucleosides and nucleotides (adenosine, ATP, UTP, and ADP), lipids and eicosanoids (such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cannabinoids) and photons. Moreover, it has also been suggested that there exist over 900 genes for olfactory receptors in the human genome [5]. A large number of these are pseudogenes and the speci¢c roles of only a few of the receptors are known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein‐coupled receptors lacking close relatives

et al. 2003

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We report seven new members of the superfamily of human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) found by searches in the human genome databases, termed GPR100, GPR119, GPR120, GPR135, GPR136, GPR141, and GPR142. We also report 16 orthologues of these receptors in mouse, rat, fugu (pu¡er¢sh) and zebra¢sh. Phylogenetic analysis shows that these are additional members of the family of rhodopsintype GPCRs. GPR100 shows similarity with the orphan receptor SALPR. Remarkably, the other receptors do not have any close relative among other known human rhodopsin-like GPCRs. Most of these orphan receptors are highly conserved through several vertebrate species and are present in single copies. Analysis of expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences indicated individual expression patterns, such as for GPR135, which was found in a wide variety of tissues including eye, brain, cervix, stomach and testis. Several ESTs for GPR141 were found in marrow and cancer cells, while the other receptors seem to have more restricted expression patterns.

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Sequence analysis of mouse vomeronasal receptor gene clusters reveals common promoter motifs and a history of recent expansion

Cited by 62 publications

References 44 publications

Dramatic variation of the vomeronasal pheromone receptor gene repertoire among five orders of placental and marsupial mammals

Dramatic variation of the vomeronasal pheromone receptor gene repertoire among five orders of placental and marsupial mammals

Comparative genomic analysis identifies an evolutionary shift of vomeronasal receptor gene repertoires in the vertebrate transition from water to land

Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein‐coupled receptors lacking close relatives

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