Septage effluent treatment using floating constructed wetland with Spirodela polyrhiza: Response of biochar addition in the support matrix

Treatment of High Nutrient-Loaded Wastewater in a Constructed Floating Wetland with Different Configurations: Role of Lantana Biochar Addition

“…NH 4 + -N reduction rate showed statistically significant differences among setups (ANOVA: F = 201.908, p < 0.001); however, HSD test suggests no difference between S + BC5%, and S + BC10% setups (ANOVA: Tukey's t-test, p = 0.213). The effective removal in BC-aided setups could be due to the NH 4 + -N adsorption potential of BC, as evidenced in previous reports [9,40]. The reduction of NH 4 + -N through the nitrification process could be the main mechanism under an anaerobic environment in CWs, which is supported by the supply of oxygen through atmospheric diffusion and duckweed-mediated root respiration.…”

“…The application of BC in floating CW has not been widely examined by previous researchers. However, a recent study by Parihar et al [9] revealed the potential of floating CW with Spirodela polyrhiza topping layer and biochar-aided substratum columns in the removal of wastewater nutrients and found significant removal of PO 4 −3 (68.43%), NH 4 + -N (66.41%), SO 4…”

“…Under this approach, the macrophytes-based floating CW system could be a sustainable approach to treating nutrient-rich urban wastewater with multiple benefits, such as groundwater recharge, pollution removal, biomass production, aesthetic beautification of wastelands, and development of habitats for aquatic animals and birds, etc. [6][7][8][9]. Aquatic macrophytes (duckweed) and/or microalgae in the floating system help in the reduction of wastewater nutrients through the phytoremediation process, which involves various mechanisms such as phytodegradation, volatilization, and phytoaccumulation [10][11][12].…”