Separation of microplastics from deep-sea sediment using an affordable, simple to use, and easily accessible density separation device

Abstract

Microplastics accumulate in the environment but methods to extract particles from sediment for quantification and identification often lack accuracy and reproducibility. Existing methods vary greatly and many do not achieve adequate microplastic separation. During method development for extraction procedures, spike-recovery experiments (positive controls) are essential to ensure accurate and reproducible results from each sample matrix. Furthermore, the large variability in grain size and organic matter can affect the extraction of microplastics from the matrix; thus, no one method will likely work for all sample types. Scientists have used density separation to separate microplastics from matrices for decades, but apparatuses are often made of plastic, need to be custom made, and require multiple sample transfers from one apparatus to another. This study presents an affordable, easily accessible, and simple to use Density Separation Device (DSD) to remove plastics from deep-sea sediments. Eight polymers were spiked into replicates of environmental sediment, including six fragments: high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), PA6 (PA6), and crumb rubber (CR) and two fibers: cellulose acetate (CA) and polyester (PEST). Two size classes of polymers were used: 100 μm to 300 μm and >300 μm. Using a sodium polytungstate solution as the dense liquid and reflectance FTIR microscopy for particle identification, recoveries of all fragments exceeded 78 % ( CR: 92.7 % ± 30.8 %, PP: 78.4 % ± 34.0 %, HDPE: 93.8 % ± 13.5 %, PS: 86.9 % ± 25.7 %, PA6: 98.4 % ± 63.2 %, PVC: 100.0 % ± 12.4 %,. Fiber recovery was much lower (PEST: 28.1 % ± 28.1 % and CA: 25.9 % ± 17.3 %) because they aggregated, passed through sieves vertically, or were obscured under other particles. The non-spiked sediment replicates were found to contain PE, PP, PEST, and polycarbonate (PC). The fragment recovery success, accessibility (available online, all parts under $200) and ease of use of this DSD should facilitate widespread use, thus helping to standardize sample preparation methods for microplastic metrology.