“…An ideal tool for the latter appeared to be immunomagnetic separation (IMS). However, these antibody-based anti-Listeria IMS techniques (4,6,9,26,28,29) are hampered by a number of disadvantages, i.e., (i) poor recovery rates-the percentage of cells which could be separated from cell suspensions was 20% or less (9,29), (ii) inability to detect low contamination levels (22,29), and (iii) cross-reaction with nontarget bacterial cells (9,22,29). Moreover, cross-linking and agglutination of beads were frequently observed.…”