Separation of citric and lactic acids in aqueous solutions by solvent extraction and liquid membrane processes

Properties of Citric Acid and Its Solutions

“…The factors such as the nature and initial concentration of diluent, pH, temperature, concentration range and coextraction of water change the form of extraction isotherms and such changes are attributed to differences in the stoichiometry of formed complexes. Similar procedures based on the chemical model (formation of complexes and dimers), were also applied to more complicated situations when citric acid is separated from small amounts of carboxylic acids which are always present in fermentation broths [232,235,241,249,253,255].…”

Selective recovery of pyruvic acid from two and three acid aqueous solutions by reactive extraction

“…Previous investigators have studied the selective recovery of the carboxylic acids from multiple-acid aqueous solutions by reactive extraction [46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. Tertiary amines are widely used as they are efficient extraction agents and can be regenerated for re-use [28,32,38].…”

Liquid-Liquid Equilibria for the System Composed by Water, Acetic Acid, and 1-Hexanol at 293.15 K and Under Atmospheric Pressure Using Refractometry and Densitometry

“…This type of separation is present in various processes, such as the removal of high boiling organic compounds from wastewater, product recovery from reactions, in the refining of oils and in solvent concentration (Kubota and Masahiro, 2006;Stoicescu et al, 2008;Rodrigues et al, 2007;Liu et al, 2014;Senol, 2013). In order to design a liquid extractor equipment and to optimize the separation process, the solubility behavior of the mixture components must be known precisely, and the thermodynamic modeling of the system must be determined (Lo and Baird, 2001;Juang et al, 1997). One of the step of these procedures is the quantification of the extracted and refined phases.…”