Separation Anxiety and Actual Separation Experiences during Childhood in Patients with Panic Disorder

Bandelow, Borwin; Tichauer, Gabriel Álvarez; Späth, Corinna; Broocks, Andreas; Hajak, Göran; Bleich, Stefan; Rüther, Eckart

doi:10.1177/070674370104601007

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Our data suggest that early parental loss and/or separation anxiety disorder affect the individual sensitivity to hypercapnic stimuli in a way that may remain stable through adulthood, regardless of the occurrence of panic attacks/disorder. Moreover, similarly to other studies [43], we found childhood parental loss and separation anxiety disorder only modestly correlated, suggesting that at least partially independent developmental pathways lead from parental loss and/or excessive worry about separation in childhood to PD in adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Relationships between Adverse Events, Early Antecedents, and Carbon Dioxide Reactivity as an Intermediate Phenotype of Panic Disorder

Ogliari

Tambs

Harris

et al. 2009

Psychother Psychosom

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Background: Although adverse events have been consistently described to precede and potentially precipitate the onset of panic disorder, there is no information about their ability to alter the individual reactivity to inhaled carbon dioxide, a putative intermediate phenotype of susceptibility to panic disorder. Method: Seven-hundred twelve subjects belonging to the general population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel underwent a 35% CO₂/65% O₂ inhalation challenge test and interview-based lifetime assessments of DSM-IV panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, childhood parental separation/loss, major life events, adverse events of suffocative nature and common stressful life events. Regression models were applied to predict global subjective anxiety and DSM-IV panic symptoms after 35% CO₂/65% O₂ inhalation. Results: The responses to the challenge measured as semicontinuous variables were predicted by symptoms of childhood separation anxiety, childhood parental loss, common stressful events, major life events, suffocative events and the female gender. The role of most of these predictors was confirmed and held true after the exclusion of subjects with lifetime panic attacks/disorder from the analyses. Conclusions: Several factors which have been reported by previous clinical studies to influence the individual susceptibility to develop panic disorder seem to affect the individual reactivity to inhaled carbon dioxide in people from the general population. Some elements of risk may impact simultaneously upon the individual liability to panic and exaggerated sensitivity to hypercapnia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Relationships between Adverse Events, Early Antecedents, and Carbon Dioxide Reactivity as an Intermediate Phenotype of Panic Disorder

Ogliari

Tambs

Harris

et al. 2009

Psychother Psychosom

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“…The psychological literature on attachment (Dozier et al 1999) and several previous retrospective studies showed that SA might be associated with a broad range of adult psychiatric conditions (Gittelman & Klein 1984, Shear 1996, Bandelow et al 2001, Pini et al 2010, Miniati et al 2012.…”

Section: Consensus Ratings Based On Psychiatric Interviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Attachment Style and Suicidality

Miniati

Callari²,

Pini³

2017

Psychiat Danub

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“…For example, while some investigators found that separation anxiety is significantly related to the development of panic disorder and agoraphobia (Bandelow et al, 2002;Laraia, Stuart, Frye, Lydiard, & Ballenger, 1994;Silove et al, 1995), others could not find confirmation for this hypothesis (Aschenbrand et al, 2003;Doerfler, Toscano, & Connor, 2008;Peter, Brückner, Hand, & Rufer, 2005;Thyer, Himle, & Fischer, 1988;Thyer, Nesse, Curtis, & Cameron, 1986). Moreover, the memory of separation anxiety in these studies was examined by self-report scales, which indicate that subjects were, in fact, aware of these events (Bandelow et al, 2001;Zitrin & Ross, 1988). However, according to psychoanalytic theory, it is the subject's unawareness of the specific childhood trauma, which is said to cause the development of fear and phobia (De Poderoso et al, 2005).…”

Section: Psychoanalysismentioning

confidence: 92%

Fear and Phobia: A Critical Review and the Rational-Choice Theory of Neurosis

Rofé¹,

Rofé²

2015

IJPS

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This article reviews the empirical status of theories of fear and phobia. Psychoanalysis received little support, as findings tend to refute its basic assumption that phobia results from repressed material. Although conditioning has its weaknesses, it appears to be the strongest explanation of simple phobia. Findings raise question as to whether interoceptive conditioning can account for the development of panic disorder and agoraphobia, as these disorders develop in the absence of environmental conditioning events. A significant body of research supports Clark's claim that catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations are involved in both the development and treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia. However, the causal relationship between the two remains unclear. Likewise, while biological factors certainly increase the vulnerability to developing fear and phobia, findings have not yet confirmed that these behaviors are controlled by biological mechanisms. A new theory, the Rational-Choice Theory of Neurosis (Rofé, 2010;Y. Rofé & Rofé, 2013), which preserves the psychoanalytic claim that bizarre phobias need to be explained within a theory that accounts for neuroses by one set of theoretical concepts, was used to resolve the theoretical confusion in this field.

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Separation Anxiety and Actual Separation Experiences during Childhood in Patients with Panic Disorder

Abstract: These results suggest that separation anxiety during childhood is not a consequence of actual traumatic separation experiences in panic disorder patients.

Cited by 47 publications

References 38 publications

The Relationships between Adverse Events, Early Antecedents, and Carbon Dioxide Reactivity as an Intermediate Phenotype of Panic Disorder

The Relationships between Adverse Events, Early Antecedents, and Carbon Dioxide Reactivity as an Intermediate Phenotype of Panic Disorder

Adult Attachment Style and Suicidality

Fear and Phobia: A Critical Review and the Rational-Choice Theory of Neurosis

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