Separation and recovery of ruthenium: a review

Swain, Pravati; Mallika, C.; Srinivasan, R.; Mudali, U. Kamachi; Natarajan, R.

doi:10.1007/s10967-013-2536-5

Cited by 82 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Another pathway to obtain more value from the ruthenium catalyst is to reuse the ruthenium instead of the entire catalyst. Separation of ruthenium from liquid waste streams has gained considerable attention, especially to clean up spent nuclear fuels; however, the techniques can be applied to catalysis waste streams as well …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Future of Ethenolysis in Biobased Chemistry

et al. 2016

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The desire to utilise biobased feedstocks and develop more sustainable chemistry poses new challenges in catalysis. A synthetically useful catalytic conversion is ethenolysis, a cross metathesis reaction with ethylene. In this Review, the state of the art of ethenolysis in biobased chemistry was extensively examined using methyl oleate as a model compound for fatty acids. Allied to this, the ethenolysis of fatty acid, polymers and more challenging substrates are reviewed. To determine the limiting factors for the application of ethenolysis on biomass, the influence of reaction parameters were investigated and the bottlenecks for reaching high turnover numbers identified.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Future of Ethenolysis in Biobased Chemistry

et al. 2016

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“…In Southern Africa, the three major PGE operators Anglo American Platinum, Impala Platinum and Lonmin each have their own individual PGE refining process (Table 3). These technologies can be characterized as follows [34,[49][50][51][52]]:…”

Section: Oxidation Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

PGE Production in Southern Africa, Part II: Environmental Aspects

et al. 2017

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Platinum group elements (PGEs, 6E PGE = Pt + Pd + Rh + Ru + Ir + Au) are used in numerous applications that seek to reduce environmental impacts of mobility and energy generation. Consequently, the future demand for PGEs is predicted to increase. Previous studies indicate that environmental impacts of PGE production change over time emphasizing the need of up-to-date data and assessments. In this context, an analysis of environmental aspects of PGE production is needed to support the environmental assessment of technologies using PGEs, to reveal environmental hotspots within the production chain and to identify optimization potential. Therefore, this paper assesses greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, cumulative fossil energy demand (CED fossil ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions and water use of primary PGE production in Southern Africa, where most of today's supply originates from. The analysis shows that in 2015, emissions amounted to 45 t CO 2 -eq. and 502 kg SO 2 per kg 6E PGE in the case GHG and SO 2 emissions, respectively. GHG emissions are dominated by emissions from electricity provision contributing more than 90% to the overall GHG emissions. The CED fossil amounted to 0.60 TJ per kg 6E PGE. A detailed analysis of the CED fossil reveals that electricity provision based on coal power consumes the most fossil energy carriers among all energy forms. Results show that the emissions are directly related to the electricity demand. Thus, the reduction in the electricity demand presents the major lever to reduce the consumption of fossil energy resources and the emission of GHGs and SO 2 . In 2015, the water withdrawal amounted to 0.272 million L per kg 6E PGE. Additionally, 0.402 million L of recycled water were used per kg 6E PGE. All assessed indicators except ore grades and production volumes reveal increasing trends in the period from 2010 to 2015. It can be concluded that difficult market conditions (see part I of this paper series) and increasing environmental impacts present a challenging situation for the Southern African PGE mining industry.

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“…In this procedure, the heating temperature should be optimized because the high temperature would enhance the volatilization of some fission elements, such as Ru in the form of RuO4. 26 On the contrary, the evaporation with low temperature was a time consuming process, and it may enhance the contamination of the sample. Thus, to optimize the evaporate temperature, the 30 mL of model solutions with about 10 -30 ng of FPs in 8 mol L -1 HNO3-0.001 mol L -1 fluoride medium were heated and evaporated to near dryness, then the residue was redissolved in 10 mL of 2% HNO3 for ICP-MS analysis.…”

Section: Evaporation Of the Fps Eluatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But when evaporated at higher temperatures, such as 240 C, a significant volatilization of Ru could be observed compared with 150 C. The reason is that Ru would be oxidized to volatile RuO4, which would escape to the vapor phase at high temperatures in the presence of concentrated HNO3. 26 So, for the removal of HNO3 and avoid the loss of FPs after the separation process, the optimal evaporation temperature was determined to be 150 C.…”

Section: Evaporation Of the Fps Eluatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Trace Fission Products Associated with Thorium and HCl Matrix by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry after Anion Exchange Separation

Chen

Zheng

et al. 2017

ANAL. SCI.

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For the determination of μg-mg L -1 of FPs in 100 g L -1 of thorium matrix with HCl medium, a method, including anionexchange pre-separation, evaporation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurement, was developed. The procedure parameters, such as the matrix effect of thorium, the acidity of separation, the elution curve of thorium and FPs and the temperature of evaporation were optimized by batch equilibration, column elution and evaporation experiments. It was found that the average recovery of the FPs was in the range 80 -110%, and the RSD values were in the range 2 -15% utilizing prior anion exchange separation of FPs from thorium samples. Furthermore, the detection limit of the method was also investigated.

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Separation and recovery of ruthenium: a review

Cited by 82 publications

References 70 publications

The Future of Ethenolysis in Biobased Chemistry

The Future of Ethenolysis in Biobased Chemistry

PGE Production in Southern Africa, Part II: Environmental Aspects

Determination of Trace Fission Products Associated with Thorium and HCl Matrix by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry after Anion Exchange Separation

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