Separation and Radiological Impact Assessment of Thorium in Malaysian Monazite Processing

Al-Areqi, Wadeeah M.; Bahri, Che Nor Aniza Che Zainul; Majid, Amran Ab.; Sarmani, Sukiman

doi:10.17576/mjas-2016-2004-09

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The mineral monazite is one of the main components of the black sand deposits that spread on the beaches where rivers and seas meet. The concentration of this mineral in these sand does not exceed 0.4 % and is produced as a by-product during the separation and physical concentration processes of economic minerals (zircon, ilmenite, rutile, garnet, and magnetite) [26].…”

Section: The Differences Between Valleys and Technological Incubatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the legal framework for localization science and technology valleys and technology incubators in nuclear activitiesys and technology incubators in nuclear activities

Atout

2021

TAPR

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The object of research in science and technology valleys and technology incubators, which for governments are the best investment of the scientific energies of scientists and innovators. As they are a link between research institutions and the industrial and service sectors, and as they transfer ideas and research results to different markets. This research aims to highlight the importance of Localization science and technology valleys and technological incubators related to nuclear activities, as they are one of the important tributaries to support the owners of the ideas of ambitious nuclear projects. The research also aims to shed light on the problems and obstacles that hinder the achievement of the desired goals of nuclear activities, such as: – the lack of information in the fields related to it; – the scarcity of expertise needed to implement it; – the lack of funding; – the absence of investors in this highly specific «nuclear» sector. The research presents the extent of the possibility of Localization those nuclear activities in Egypt through establishment valleys and incubators so that through this Localization there is an integrated environment of services and support that will ensure their development, raise their growth rates, and increase their efficiency. It is will lead to an increase in the chances of their success and sustainability, especially since Nuclear technology is used in many fields of industry, medicine, and agriculture. The research highlight the provisions of Egyptian Law regarding science, technology, and innovation incentives, as well as Egyptian Law establishing the Innovators Care Fund, to determine the possibility of establishing these valleys and incubators through the provisions of Egyptian legislation. Obtained results will have reached a great impact in encouraging investors and financiers to enter into technological partnerships with nuclear agencies in Egypt for the sake of safe investment in the elements associated with nuclear materials.

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Section: The Differences Between Valleys and Technological Incubatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monazite metal is composed of about 61 % light earth elements, 27.8 % phosphate, 5.8 % thorium, and 0.5 % uranium and therefore it is radioactive. Therefore, the accumulation of this metal may cause high radiation risks [26].…”

Section: The Differences Between Valleys and Technological Incubatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the legal framework for localization science and technology valleys and technology incubators in nuclear activitiesys and technology incubators in nuclear activities

Atout

2021

TAPR

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“…Langkah asas dalam penghasilan sebatian torium daripada monazit melibatkan proses penghadaman, pengasingan, penulenan dan akhir sekali penukaran kepada sebatian yang dikehendaki (Al-Areqi et al 2016;Cardearelli 2008;Shaw 1953). Terdapat dua proses hidrometalurgi pembubaran boleh digunakan secara cekap untuk memperoleh torium daripada monazit iaitu menggunakan penghadaman asid sulfurik (H 2 SO 4 ) pekat atau alkali pekat (70% NaOH) (Abrão et al 2001;Katz & Seaborg 2008).…”

Section: Pengenalanunclassified

“…Selain daripada itu, keputusan kajian juga menunjukkan satu peringkat penghadaman sudah memadai untuk mendapatkan larutan larut lesap monazit yang tinggi dengan kandungan torium. Persamaan(1) hingga (3) menunjukkan persamaan tindak balas kimia proses penghadaman monazit menggunakan H 2 SO 4(Al- Areqi et al 2016;Gupta & Krishnamurthy 1992). 2.…”

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Pengekstrakan dan Penulenan Torium Oksida (ThO2) daripada Mineral Monazit

Bahri¹,

Ismail²,

Majid³

et al. 2018

JSM

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Monazit merupakan mineral fosfat yang mengandungi unsur nadir bumi, torium dan uranium dalam kepekatan tertentu. Kepekatan torium dalam monazit di Malaysia dilaporkan sekitar 2,525.0-40,868 ppm dan berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan api untuk kegunaan reaktor nuklear torium. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji proses pengekstrakan dan penulenan torium oksida (ThO 2) daripada monazit tempatan. Proses pengekstrakan dan penulenan ThO 2 dibahagikan kepada empat peringkat iaitu proses penghadaman, pengasingan, pengekstrakan pelarut dan pengkalsinan. Pencirian sampel telah dilakukan melalui analisis spektrometri jisim gandingan plasma teraruh (ICP-MS), analisis termogravimetri (TGA), pembelauan sinar-X (XRD) dan mikroskopi pengimbas elektron dengan spektroskopi serakan tenaga sinar-X (SEM-EDS). Proses penghadaman telah menghasilkan larutan larut lesap monazit ((Th,REE,U) (SO 4) 2) yang mengandungi sehingga 99.77 ± 7.84 mg torium. Unsur nadir bumi (La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Sm, Eu dan Gd) telah diasingkan daripada torium pada peratusan 96.73%. Manakala larutan Th(NO 3) 4 dan ThO 2 yang dihasilkan masing-masing berketulenan 97.10 ± 0.74% dan 98.85 ± 0.69%. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa pengekstrakan dan penulenan ThO 2 daripada monazit tempatan boleh dilakukan melalui proses pengekstrakan berperingkat.

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“…In this study, thorium concentrates were obtained from Malaysian monazite, which, according to a previous study, contains approximately 2% of thorium [11,12], where a range of between 6.5 -7.5% for thorium concentrations and 53.6 -57.8% for rare earth oxides have also been documented in Malaysian monazite [13]. The objectives of this study were to extract thorium from REEs by TBP (30%) in kerosene and Aliquat-336 (10%) in kerosene, and to determine the thorium purification percentage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent Extraction of Thorium From Rare Earth Elements in Monazite Thorium Concentrate

Al-Areqi

Bahri

Majid³

et al. 2017

MJAS

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Solvent extraction is a powerful separation technique in the preparation of nuclear grade thorium. In this study, monazite thorium concentrates produced from Malaysian monazite were used. Thorium was extracted from an aqueous nitric acid medium with TBP (30%) in kerosene and Aliquat-336 (10%) in kerosene, respectively. Constant experimental conditions were used for the extraction in terms of the molarity of nitric acid, concentration of extractants in kerosene, organic/aqueous volumetric ratio, mixing time, and contact time between phases. The stripping process was carried out with distilled water. The determination of thorium and rare earth elements (REEs) in the monazite thorium concentrates and aqueous solutions were performed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of thorium in the thorium concentrate samples were in the range of 11.58 -83.56%. Three stages of extraction and three stages of stripping were carried out for the extraction of thorium from the REEs in the nitrate solution. The results of the study showed that the thorium extraction efficiency was in the range of 60.96 -99.75% using TBP (30%) in kerosene and Aliquat-336 (10%) in kerosene. Thorium was stripped from the loaded TBP (30%) in kerosene and Aliquat-336 (10%) in kerosene at an average stripping percentage of 89.04% and 75.75%, respectively. The stripped aqueous solutions were analysed, and it was shown that the thorium content was in the range of 29.49 -91.28%. This study indicated that both extractants can be successfully used to recover thorium from REEs, but in order to increase the purification of thorium, the extraction and stripping process cycle should be increased.Keywords: thorium, rare earth elements, solvent extraction, monazite thorium concentrate Abstrak Pengekstrakan pelarut adalah teknik pengasingan yang kuat digunakan untuk mengasingkan torium bergred nuklear. Dalam kajian ini, pekatan torium monazit yang dihasilkan daripada monazit Malaysia telah digunakan. Torium diekstrak daripada medium akues asid nitrik dengan TBP (30%) dalam kerosin dan Aliquat-336 (10%) dalam kerosin. Kondisi eksperimen digunakan iaitu molariti asid nitrik, kepekatan pengekstrak dalam kerosin, nisbah isipadu organik/akues, masa percampuran dan masa sentuhan antara fasa dikekalkan. Proses pelucutan dilakukan menggunakan air suling. Torium dan unsur nadir bumi (REEs) dalam pekatan torium monazit dan larutan akues ditentukan menggunakan spektrometri jisim plasma gandingan teraruh (ICP-MS). Kepekatan torium dalam sampel pekatan torium ditentukan adalah dalam julat 11.58 -83.56%. Tiga peringkat pengekstrakan dan pelucutan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan torium dari REEs dalam larutan nitrat. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kecekapan pengekstrakan torium adalah dalam julat 60.96 -99.75% menggunakan TBP (30%) dalam kerosin dan Aliquat-336 (10%) dalam kerosin. Torium telah dilucutkan daripada muatan TBP (30%) dalam kerosin dan Aliquat-336 (10%) dalam kerosin dengan purata peratus pelucutan masing -masing adalah 89.04...

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Separation and Radiological Impact Assessment of Thorium in Malaysian Monazite Processing

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Determination of the legal framework for localization science and technology valleys and technology incubators in nuclear activitiesys and technology incubators in nuclear activities

Determination of the legal framework for localization science and technology valleys and technology incubators in nuclear activitiesys and technology incubators in nuclear activities

Pengekstrakan dan Penulenan Torium Oksida (ThO2) daripada Mineral Monazit

Solvent Extraction of Thorium From Rare Earth Elements in Monazite Thorium Concentrate

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