Separation and identification of petroleum biomarkers by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Frysinger, Glenn S.; Gaines, Richard B.

doi:10.1002/1615-9314(20010201)24:2<87::aid-jssc87>3.0.co;2-0

Cited by 166 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…PASHs in crude oils have also been separated (Frysinger and Gaines, 2001). The very high chromatographic resolution possible with this technique makes it of interest in forensic studies.…”

Section: Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles for source identification

Hegazi

Andersson

2007

Oil Spill Environmental Forensics

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“…PASHs in crude oils have also been separated (Frysinger and Gaines, 2001). The very high chromatographic resolution possible with this technique makes it of interest in forensic studies.…”

Section: Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles for source identification

Hegazi

Andersson

2007

Oil Spill Environmental Forensics

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“…It has been reported that GC×GC was used to analyze some biomarker compounds and GC×GC-TOFMS was also utilized to investigate the compositions of unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) [17][18][19][20][21].…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of petroleum aromatic fraction by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

et al. 2010

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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) is commercially available in the 1990s, with the characteristics of large peak capacity, high resolution, high sensitivity, etc. However, its application to the petroleum and geological analyses is just emerging in China and overseas. In this research, the analytical method for petroleum aromatic fraction using GC×GC-TOFMS is set up, via the choice of the column system and optimization of setting parameters, such as temperature programming, modulation time, hot pulse time, flow rate of carrier gas, data acquisition rate and data processing. The results indicate that different polar compounds of aromatic fraction distribute as bands on structured GC×GC chromatogram. Within each band, homologous compounds appear as a roof-tile structure based on the number of substituent residues. The aromatic compounds are identified and characterized according to the GC×GC chromatogram and mass spectra. According to the polarity and the number of rings, aromatic compounds are spatially present on one chromatogram, which directly reflects the distribution characteristics of complex compounds of aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, quantitative analysis is favored as some overlapped peaks on traditional GC-MS chromatogram have been separated completely on GC×GC. Some heterocyclic atom aromatic compounds at trace level can be clearly identified using this method, for polarity differences from other interfered aromatic compounds. The development of this method and chromatogram recognition offer petroleum geologists a practical example for the application performance of GC×GC-TOFMS. comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, petroleum geological experiments Citation: Wang H T, Weng N, Zhang S C, et al. Identification of petroleum aromatic fraction by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry.The aromatic hydrocarbon is one of the most important fractions both in source rocks and petroleum, and it consists of hundreds of types of compounds with abundant geochemistry information. The ratios of peak intensity of a few aromatic hydrocarbons to that of phenanthrene illustrate the specific information about terrestrial plants; the existence of aromatic condensed thiophene compounds is related to the formation of salt lacustrine facies; the ratios of the shortchain alkyl dibenzothiophenic compounds to phenanthrene are the exact indicators of salt lacustrine facies [1]. Onedimensional GC is widely used in the petroleum geological experiments for aromatic fraction analysis. One-dimensional gas chromatography can not satisfy the separation requirements because of its low resolution and low peak capacity. Aromatic fraction contains various kinds of compounds, and compounds with the same aromatic rings have similar volatility, which result in severe peak overlapping in the chromatogram. So identification and quan...

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“…These major benefits of GC×GC are discussed in a recent review [2]. This paper also reports all published fields of application, such as petroleum products [3,4], flavours and fragrances in food [5, 6], polyhalogenated micro-contaminants in fish [7], pesticides in fruit and vegetables [8], FAMEs [9], geochemical samples, and air, biological and industrial samples. A selected number of examples are presented in Table 1.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography?a powerful and widely applicable technique

Beens

Brinkman

2004

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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of this journal, Ryan and Marriott introduced comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) [1], and presented an overview of the principles of the technique, the stateof-the-art of the instrumentation and the perspectives. In the present paper we will elaborate on this theme and focus attention on the potential and practicality of the technique.Since its introduction in the early nineties, it has generally become recognised -as is evident from an impressive body of published papers -that GC×GC is a versatile technique that can be applied to essentially all GC-amenable, complex samples and analyte classes. The three main advantages of GC×GC are: (i) a very high separation capacity, (ii) improved analyte detectability and (iii) generation of structured chromatograms. SeparationAs a result of the orthogonality (i.e. independent separation mechanisms; see [2]) of the two separating dimensionsusually a 20-30-m non-polar first column and a short 0.5-1-m polar/selective second column -to which all constituents of a sample are subjected, the separation power of the GC×GC system is roughly equal to the product of the separation powers of the individual columns. In other words, in a 2D separation plane far more compounds can be (baseline) resolved than in a conventional 1D chromatographic trace. This is convincingly demonstrated in the literature for a variety of (very) complex samples. What should be emphasised here is that, next to the enhanced separation of the analytes from each other, another major advantage is the separation of these analytes from a large part of the interfering background. These major benefits of GC×GC are discussed in a recent review [2]. This paper also reports all published fields of application, such as petroleum products [3,4], flavours and fragrances in food [5, 6], polyhalogenated micro-contaminants in fish [7], pesticides in fruit and vegetables [8], FAMEs [9], geochemical samples, and air, biological and industrial samples. A selected number of examples are presented in Table 1. The most impressive example is the analysis of cigarette smoke [10], which yields no less than 30,000 peaks. DetectionThe second advantage, improved analyte detectability, is due to the focusing effect of the (cryogenic) modulator. Since the separation of each modulated fraction on the short second column has to be completed before the next fraction is injected, the second-dimension separation takes only a few seconds. To prevent peak broadening, the modulator focuses the first-column eluate fractions into very narrow pulses (typical width, ca. 10 ms) prior to injection on the second column. Because of the mass conservation in all, except valve-based, modulators, this results in peak amplitudes that are, typically, enhanced 20-150-fold. However, since such narrow peaks demand a very high data acquisition rate of up to 200 Hz, with which noise is generally present more prominently, the considerable peak enhancement results in a much more modest, i.e. 5-10-fold, improvement of the limits of detection (LODs...

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Separation and identification of petroleum biomarkers by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Cited by 166 publications

References 30 publications

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles for source identification

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles for source identification

Identification of petroleum aromatic fraction by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography?a powerful and widely applicable technique

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