Separation and identification of designer drugs with capillary electrophoresis and on-line connection with ionspray mass spectrometry

Sensitive chiral analysis by capillary electrophoresis

“…The works included in this table are those in which the lowest LODs were obtained. MS detection has been employed in other works on chiral analysis by CE but LODs close to or above 10 25 M were generally obtained [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133]. The basic instrumentation in CE-MS [134] allows, once the electrophoretic separation is performed, the introduction of the analytes in the mass spectrometer using an interface, usually a sheath liquid interface, which enables the establishment of the electrical contact and the nebulization of the solution.…”

Separation of drug enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis in the presence of neutral cyclodextrins

“…We maintain that Administration (FDA) in the USA in 1992 and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is by far the similar regulatory guidelines in Europe and Japan, most widely used mode of operation in CE: Accordsingle enantiomers of chiral drugs should be brought ing to our database, Chirbase / CE (commercially to the market wherever this is possible. Prior to the available from the authors), capillary zone electroapproval of a new drug, the enantiomers must be phoresis (CZE) [7] and micellar electrokinetic chroseparated on a preparative scale, and the pharmacomatography (MEKC) [8,9] are the most widely used logical effects as well as the metabolic pathways methods of enantiomer separation by CE, contributmust be studied separately for each enantiomer, ing 72% and 21%, respectively, of all original preferably by CE-MS coupling [1]. Only in exceparticles published in the field; other modes amount to tional cases, a mixture of the enantiomers may be 8% of all articles, including reports on several modes approved, although, the general policy is to promote in the same article, as summarised in Table 1.…”

Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled To Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Analysis

“…CE-MS methods, employing a sheath liquid interface for the analysis of amphetamines, have been reported by Curcuruto et al [33] and Gaus et al [34], but the sheath liquid composition and the electrospray conditions were not optimized in these studies. Therefore, a CE-ESI-MS method, which is suitable for the analysis of ecstasy and related amphetamines in urine samples, was developed by Varesio et al [35].…”

“…Toussaint et al [34] have investigated the on-line coupling of partial filling-CE with MS for the separation of clenbuterol enantiomers. The background electrolyte was a mixture of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer adjusted to pH 2.5 with acetic acid and methanol (80:20 v:v) containing 40 mM DMCD.…”

“…Capillary electrophoresis coupled mass spectrometry has started to overpass traditionally used detection techniques, especially CE-UV, Amphetamines urine CE-TOF-MS [26] Amphetamine spiked urine stereoselective analysis [27] Metamphetamines urine stereoselective analysis [28] Amphetamines, methadone serum stereoselective analysis [32] Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) urine stereoselective analysis [30] Methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) urine fluorescein-labeled methadone [31] Methadone urine chiral analysis [32] Clenbuterol and salbutamol calf urine isotachophoresis [33] Clenbuterol enantiomers, Salbutamol plasma chiral analysis [34] Salbutamol plasma, urine CEC-MS [35] Salbutamol standards nonaqueous CE [36] Morphine, codeine urine CE-ESI-MS n [37] Opioids urine head-column field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) [38] Oxycodone, metabolites urine CE-MS n [39] Morphine and amphetamine urine CE-MS n [40] -Carbolines ayahuasca samples nonaqueous CE [41] Opium alkaloids urine, serum routine analysis [42] Zaleplon urine CE-LIF [43] Erythropoietin urine, serum doping [44] Erythropoietin glycoforms urine, serum doping [48] whereas many CE procedures have not been coupled to mass spectrometry yet. In the future CE-MS techniques applied in forensic analysis might help to identify even traces of lower concentrated analytes.…”