Separation and determination of tetracycline hydrochloride in real water samples using binary small molecule alcohol‐salt aqueous two‐phase system coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

An environmental and sensitive sample pretreatment method was established and combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the analysis of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) in feed water and lake water. One element small molecule alcohol‐salt aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) cannot effectively adjust the polarity of the system, but binary small molecule alcohol‐salt ATPS can adjust the polarity and improve the extraction efficiency of antibiotics. In this work, a binary ATPS based on ethanol +2‐propanol + (NH4)2SO4 system was formed and applied to the separation and purification of TC in real water samples. The influence factors on partition behaviors of TC were discussed, including the types and the concentration of phase salts, the volume ratio of alcohol, the pH value, extraction temperature, and the standing time. The response surface methodology was used to determine the best experimental conditions for multi‐factor experiments. Under this optimal condition, the extraction efficiency of TC reached 95.7%. This new method is considered to have significant application in the divorce of antibiotics.

Bioremediation of tetracycline antibiotics-contaminated soil by bioaugmentation

“…5,68 In accordance with the previous research reports, the quantitative determination of the TCAs residues in soil was carried out by means of a reversed phase highperformance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) (Agilent 1100 HPLC) equipped with a UV-Vis detector. 11,19 Chromatographic separation was achieved with an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 reverse-phase column 4 4.5 mm  280 mm (250 mm  4.6 mm, 5 mm) at the ow rate of 1.00 mL min À1 at 25 C. The composition of the mobile phase is a very important parameter in adjusting the retention time, selectivity, and peak shape in HPLC separation. 66 The addition of acidic additives in the mobile phase could improve the positive ESI ionization.…”

“…[13][14][15] However, due to incomplete metabolism as well as poor adsorption in intestines of human and animals, 16,17 a considerable portion of the TCAs might be excreted as parent compounds and/or their active metabolites via urine as well as feces, which then enter the environment. 6,16 Because of lack of effective environmental management and timely degradation and/or elimination, inappropriate and/or abusive use of TCAs has resulted in teeth stains in children, 18 damage to kidneys and hematopoietic function, 19 accumulation of TCAs in foodstuff, 20 presence of numerous TCA-resistant bacteria in the intestines of livestock, 21 and even their residual concentrations in the environment. Large quantities of residual TCAs have been frequently detected in various environmental matrices worldwide with concentration levels from ng kg À1 to mg kg À1 such as the surface soil, 9 peri-urban agricultural soil, 22 agricultural soil, 23 vegetable farmland soil, 24 and crops.…”