Separation and analysis of colloidal/nano-particles including microorganisms by capillary electrophoresis: a fundamental review

Rodríguez, Michael; Armstrong, Daniel W.

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.09.060

Cited by 166 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Finally, the amplified product was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis [26]. Armstrong and coworkers [27][28][29] utilized two electromigration techniques for determination of different species of bacteria using a very dilute polymer additive [poly(ethylene) oxide] (PEO) to the running buffer. They used CZE for identification of bacterial pathogens, responsible for urinary tract infection (UTI) [30] and for determination of the active bacterial ingredients (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus) in tablets (pills) and powder-based commercial products [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of pathogenic bacteria by CZE with surface‐modified capillaries

Buszewski

Kłodzińska

2008

Electrophoresis

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The importance of electromigration techniques in molecular biology and medicine is increasing rapidly, especially in systematic studies on proteomes and metabolomes. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are bacterial species most frequently encountered in human infections, and many serious illnesses can be observed in the hospital environment. In this contribution we proposed a CE method with different modification of internal capillary surface and with monolithic beds as a selective material for determination of bacteria in clinical samples. The electrophoretic separation depends on the differential mobility of bacteria in the capillary and selective interactions between bacterial cells and stationary phases (modified surface, monolithic beads). Proposed procedures could become an effective tool for diagnosis of certain diseases caused by S. aureus and E. coli as well as Proteus vulgaris.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of pathogenic bacteria by CZE with surface‐modified capillaries

Buszewski

Kłodzińska

2008

Electrophoresis

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“…As charged particles, bacterial and viral cells undergo electrophoresis in free solution, with their mobility determined by the ionic strength and pH of the buffer solution. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Microorganisms are the new "smart" particles that can change their surface properties on the basis of interactions with one another and the surrounding environment. This change in surface characteristics dictates how bacterial cells interact when forming biofilms and aggregates.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…12,13 On the other hand, bacteria-wall interactions can be reduced or eliminated by dynamic or chemical modification of the active sites on the capillary surface. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In the case of chemical modification, the modifier is introduced onto the capillary wall by the formation of covalent bonds; for example, a reactive bifunctional silane precursor such as γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane can be used. The silane groups may be attached and polymerized by monomers, forming the outer layer on the capillary surface.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…13 Armstrong et al published a series of papers on the mechanistic aspects of the separation process, separating bacterial aggregates, on-line monitoring of bacterial migration, identifying the causative pathogens of urinary tract infections, determining bacterial viability, quantitation of bacteria, and determining live bacterial cells in consumer products. 6,[8][9][10][11]19 The researchers used primarily two electromigration techniques for the separation of several species of microorganisms. The first approach involved CZE of bacteria with a dissolved poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution and UV absorbance detection at λ ) 214 nm.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The second approach used capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) of three similarly sized bacteria on the basis of their surface charges. 6 Successful CIEF separation of yeast cells (4 µm diam) in 100-µm-i.d. capillaries coated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose has been obtained.…”

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Electrokinetic Detection and Characterization of Intact Microorganisms

Kłodzińska

Buszewski

2008

Anal. Chem.

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Achievements in bacteria analysis with electromigration techniques may improve medical diagnoses, detection of food contamination, and sterility testing. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry website at pubs.acs.org/ac.)An important research problem in the modern clinical laboratory is the discovery of new biomarkers, the presence of which can indicate a particular disease state; for example, the presence of an antibody may indicate an infection. The complex nature of biological samples and the low concentrations of analytes demand a system with high sensitivity and efficiency. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is such a system, and it promises to rival HPLC when applied to the separation of charged and neutral species in biochemistry, pharmaceutical science, bioscience, ion analysis, food analysis, environmental science, medical diagnosis, and clinical settings. 1,2 One area in which CZE may have an inherent advantage over HPLC is the analysis of small particles of colloidal sizes, such as cells.The rapid and sensitive determination of pathogenic microorganisms is extremely important in biotechnology, quality control of probiotics, and bacterial analysis, but it is critical for early and effective disease management and antimicrobial therapy, especially for infant patients, whose immunological systems are not fully developed. Some microbes are active ingredients in health products, medicines, and supplements. On the other hand, some pathogenic microorganisms can be considered possible biological warfare agents and constitute a significant cause of death in many countries (Bacillus anthracis, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Salmonella typhi). 2 Biological weapons include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins found in nature that can be used to kill or injure people. Pathogenic bacteria are the most common causes of food-and water-borne illnesses.However, conventional microbiological techniques of bacterial identification, culture, and isolation by biochemical and serological assay are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, fast and selective analytical techniques that more rapidly and effectively determine microbial contamination or infection are required. In this article, we summarize the most important achievements in microbial separation by electromigration techniques and describe the different applications. ORIGIN OF MICROBIAL CHARGESmall viruses have diameters in the range of several tens of nanometers. Bacteria are generally larger, some by a factor of 100, and the increased size leads to increased complexity. Viruses exist mainly in helical and/or icosahedral forms, whereas bacteria can adopt an enormous variety of shapes and sizes, both among and within species. These physiological differences can make the characterization and identification of bacterial cells by electromigration techniques more difficult (Figure 1a). The microbial surface charge originates from the ionization of surface molecules and the adsorption of ions from solution. Bacterial cell wal...

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