Separating the wheat from the chaff: patterns of genetic differentiation in high gene flow species

Waples, Robin S.

doi:10.1093/jhered/89.5.438

Cited by 1,084 publications

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“…Pairwise F ST ranged from 0.018 to 0.065, with a mean of 0.033, showing weak genetic differentiation between sites (Figure S3), as expected for a mobile marine species (Waples, 1998). The first row of the F ST matrix indicates strong pairwise differentiation between Gibraltar (site 20) and all the other sites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Geographic isolation and larval dispersal shape seascape genetic patterns differently according to spatial scale

Dalongeville

Andrello

Mouillot

et al. 2018

Evolutionary Applications

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Genetic variation, as a basis of evolutionary change, allows species to adapt and persist in different climates and environments. Yet, a comprehensive assessment of the drivers of genetic variation at different spatial scales is still missing in marine ecosystems. Here, we investigated the influence of environment, geographic isolation, and larval dispersal on the variation in allele frequencies, using an extensive spatial sampling (47 locations) of the striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus) in the Mediterranean Sea. Univariate multiple regressions were used to test the influence of environment (salinity and temperature), geographic isolation, and larval dispersal on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele frequencies. We used Moran's eigenvector maps (db‐MEMs) and asymmetric eigenvector maps (AEMs) to decompose geographic and dispersal distances in predictors representing different spatial scales. We found that salinity and temperature had only a weak effect on the variation in allele frequencies. Our results revealed the predominance of geographic isolation to explain variation in allele frequencies at large spatial scale (>1,000 km), while larval dispersal was the major predictor at smaller spatial scale (<1,000 km). Our findings stress the importance of including spatial scales to understand the drivers of spatial genetic variation. We suggest that larval dispersal allows to maintain gene flows at small to intermediate scale, while at broad scale, genetic variation may be mostly shaped by adult mobility, demographic history, or multigenerational stepping‐stone dispersal. These findings bring out important spatial scale considerations to account for in the design of a protected area network that would efficiently enhance protection and persistence capacity of marine species.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Geographic isolation and larval dispersal shape seascape genetic patterns differently according to spatial scale

Dalongeville

Andrello

Mouillot

et al. 2018

Evolutionary Applications

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“…10 6 km 2 ), and owing to its heterogeneous hydrographical structure (McGillicuddy et al 2001;Knights 2003), the mating patterns and the dispersal of larvae to the coasts of Europe may not be completely random. Thus, the differences observed among glass eel samples from 2002 may well be the consequence of the eels caught at different sites in Europe being derived from different (finite) sets of parents (Allendorf & Phelps 1981;Waples 1998). This might also explain the IBD signal for cohort 2000, which was mainly a result of the fact that the distant Yugoslavian sample differed slightly from the other samples belonging to this cohort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Panmixia in the European eel: a matter of time…

et al. 2005

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The European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) has been a prime example of the panmixia paradigm because of its extraordinary adaptation to the North Atlantic gyral system, semelparous spawning in the Sargasso Sea and long trans-oceanic migration. Recently, this view was challenged by the suggestion of a genetic structure characterized by an isolation-by-distance (IBD) pattern. This is only likely if spawning subpopulations are spatially and/or temporally separated, followed by non-random larval dispersal. A limitation of previous genetic work on eels is the lack of replication over time to test for temporal stability of genetic structure. Here, we hypothesize that temporal genetic variation plays a significant role in explaining the spatial structure reported earlier for this species. We tested this by increasing the texture of geographical sampling and by including temporal replicates. Overall genetic differentiation among samples was low, highly significant and comparable with earlier studies (F ST Z0.0014; p!0.01). On the other hand, and in sharp contrast with current understandings, hierarchical analyses revealed no significant inter-location genetic heterogeneity and hence no IBD. Instead, genetic variation among temporal samples within sites clearly exceeded the geographical component. Our results provide support for the panmixia hypothesis and emphasize the importance of temporal replication when assessing population structure of marine fish species.

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“…This method partitions the genetic variation among sites and between years. For population genetic structure to be meaningful, the differences among sites must be significantly greater than the differences between years within the same sites (Waples 1998). In the absence of significant differentiation, yearly samples from the same sites were pooled for further analyses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While cod population structure has been the subject of extensive study in the northeast Atlantic (e.g. Hutchinson et al 2001, Knutsen et al 2003, Nielsen et al 2003, Jorde et al 2007) and in Canadian waters (Ruzzante et al 1996b, 1998, Beacham et al 2002, it has received much less attention in US waters (Lage et al 2004, Wirgin et al 2007). Much of the genetic diversity in this species may reside in smaller sedentary populations that may be particularly vulnerable to overharvest (Robichaud & Rose 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This differentiation was stable over a 5 yr period. Documentation of temporal stability of the genetic structure of fish populations is critical for identifying meaningful population units for management (Waples 1998, ICES 2009.We showed that the majority of the genetic variation among Atlantic cod spawning populations in US waters can be partitioned into 3 major complexes:(1) a northern spring coastal complex, which spawns in coastal Gulf of Maine waters from Massachusetts Bay to Bigelow Bight in the spring; (2) a southern complex, which spawns within the inshore Gulf of Maine in the winter and at different offshore locations and seasons within the GOM and south of Cape Cod; and (3) a population on the northeast peak of Georges Bank, which spawns in the late winter and is differentiated from the populations south of Cape Cod and the inshore GOM, but similar to the offshore GOM. Finer scale population structuring also occurs within the complexes, including weak differentiation between cod populations in the offshore GOM and southern New England waters (south of Cape Cod), as well as differentiation between populations south of Cape Cod (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fine-scale spatial and temporal genetic structure of Atlantic cod off the Atlantic coast of the USA

Kovach¹,

Breton²,

Berlinsky³

et al. 2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in US waters are currently managed as 2 stocks: (1) a Gulf of Maine stock and (2) a Georges Bank and south stock. This designation is decades old and warrants re-evaluation in light of concerns that fisheries management units may not reflect biologically meaningful population units. In this study, we used 10 microsatellite loci, the PanI locus, and 5 single nucleotide polymorphism markers to characterize the population genetic structure of cod in US waters. We found significant differentiation among temporally and spatially divergent populations of cod (global F ST = 0.0044), primarily stemming from 2 potentially non-neutral loci, and evidence for a population structure that strongly contradicts the current 2-stock management model. This genetic structure was stable over a 5 yr period. Our results indicate that cod in US waters are broadly structured into 3 groups: (1) a northern spring-spawning coastal complex in the Gulf of Maine (GOM), (2) a southern complex consisting of winter-spawning inshore GOM, offshore GOM and sites south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and (3) a Georges Bank population. The strongest differentiation occurs between populations in the northern and southern complex (mean F ST = 0.0085), some of which spawn in the same bays in different seasons. By means of mixture analysis, young-of-the-year fish sampled on juvenile nurseries were assigned to the spawning complex of their origin. Our findings contribute to a growing body of knowledge that Atlantic cod and other marine fish populations are structured on a finer scale than previously thought and that this structure supports biocomplexity and locally adapted populations. As such, it may be warranted to re-evaluate current management units and tailor management plans toward this finer scale.KEY WORDS: Atlantic cod · Microsatellite DNA · Single nucleotide polymorphism · Population genetic structure · Stock identification · Gadus morhua Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 410: [177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195] 2010 the importance of processes that limit dispersal and promote self-replenishment of local populations, such as sedentary adult life history strategies (Robichaud & Rose 2004, Howell et al. 2008, spawning site fidelity (Taggart 1997), natal homing (Thorrold et al. 2001, Svedäng et al. 2007), egg and larval retention (Jones et al. 1999, 2005, Bradbury et al. 2008) and local adaptation (McIntyre & Hutchings 2003, Conover et al. 2006, Hutchings et al. 2007). The implications of such fine-scale population structure are important for effective management (Palumbi 2003, Bradbury et al. 2008, Reiss et al. 2009).One marine fish species known to exhibit fine-scale population structure in parts of its distribution is Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. (see reviews in Waldman 2005 andCarvalho 2008). Atlantic cod is one of the most commercially important marine fishes in the world and comprises a p...

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Separating the wheat from the chaff: patterns of genetic differentiation in high gene flow species

Cited by 1,084 publications

References 58 publications

Geographic isolation and larval dispersal shape seascape genetic patterns differently according to spatial scale

Geographic isolation and larval dispersal shape seascape genetic patterns differently according to spatial scale

Panmixia in the European eel: a matter of time…

Fine-scale spatial and temporal genetic structure of Atlantic cod off the Atlantic coast of the USA

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