Separate justice: An analysis of race differences in court processes

A comparison of juvenile court outcomes for Native Americans, African Americans, and whites

“…The use of additive regression models without race interaction terms is also cited as a limitation of past research. The estimation of models that include race interaction terms allows for the possibility that the effects of individual independent variables are not constant for the groups under study (Farnworth and Horan 1980;Miethe and Moore 1986). …”

Toward Clarification of the Concept of ‘Minority’ Status and Decision-Making in Juvenile Court Proceedings

“…The question of whether minorities are the recipients of systematic differential treatment by decision-makers has been controversial (e.g., compare Wilbanks, 1987compare Wilbanks, , 1989compare Wilbanks, with M m , 1989and Georges-Abeiye, 1989) and subject to extensive research (Frazier et al, 1992;Farnworth and Horan, 1980;Hagan, 1974;Kleck, 1981;Klepper et al, 1983;Spohn et al, 1981-82;Fagan et al;Zatz, 1984; Bishop and Frazier, 1988;Crew, 1992;Umever and Hembroff, 1988; Pope and Feyerherm,199oa; Petersilia, 1985;Leiber, 1994). Much of the interest in this topic stems from statistics which indicate that African Americans are disproportionately overrepresented in receiving a sentence of death (e.g., Baldus et al, 1983), in imprisonment (Bridges and Crutchfield, 1988) and for juveniles, secure detention in public facilities (e.g., McGarrell, 1993;Sweet, 1991).…”

Investigating Discriminative Bail Setting: Multivariate Analysis on Louisiana Drug Interdiction

“…Dixon (1995) noted that the "formal legal rules govern sentencing decisions via the application of these rules, and sentencing outcomes are primarily the result of legal rules and criteria applied equally to all classes and races" (p. 1161). Consequently, legal theorists may appear to argue that minorities have disproportionate representation and are treated differently from Whites in the criminal justice system given that minorities are believed to commit crimes that deserve more severe punishment (Farnworth & Horan, 1980). If it sounds acceptable that sentencing decisions by judges can be accounted for by the system of belief represented by legal theory sounds, then it would logically follow that legal theory may also shed light on bail decisions made by judges.…”