Separate hemoglobin standards for blacks and whites: A critical review of the case for separate and unequal hemoglobin standards

Jackson, Robert T.

doi:10.1016/0306-9877(90)90121-t

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Because red cell indices are lower in African-American than in other American children and 45% of the children in this group were African-American, we examined the effect of race on Pb-MT outcomes (15). There were no significant differences in the percentage of children with high or low indices.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children with moderately elevated blood lead levels: a role for other diagnostic tests?

Markowitz

Clemente

Rosen

1997

Environ Health Perspect

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children with moderately elevated blood lead levels: a role for other diagnostic tests?

Markowitz

Clemente

Rosen

1997

Environ Health Perspect

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“…These data agreed with the observations of others (see Perry et al 2 for a detailed review of the hemoglobin data). Although it has been proposed that the difference in hemoglobin levels might be due primarily to socioeconomic and nutritional factors, 8 most studies have suggested that there are other causes, very possibly genetic, that account for the difference. 2,6,14-16 Quite specifically, Perry et al 2 have provided evidence that the hemoglobin difference is not due to iron deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 Indeed, it has been suggested that different reference ranges need to be considered for these 2 groups, 5 but the validity of some of the studies has been challenged. 8 We have now had the opportunity to extend these studies on a patient cohort even larger than that provided by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-based studies, 2,9 and have focused on possible explanations for the low hemoglobin level and MCV of African-Americans as compared with whites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematologic differences between African-Americans and whites: the roles of iron deficiency and α-thalassemia on hemoglobin levels and mean corpuscular volume

Beutler

West

2005

Blood

275

205

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The average results of some laboratory measurements, including the hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), serum transferrin saturation (TS), serum ferritin, and white blood cell count of African-Americans differ from those of whites. Anonymized samples and laboratory data from 1491 African-American and 31 005 white subjects, approximately equally divided between men and women, were analyzed. The hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, TS, and white blood cell counts of African-Americans were lower than those of whites; serum ferritin levels were higher. When iron-deficient patients were eliminated from consideration the differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and MCV among women were slightly less. The ؊3.7-kilobase ␣-thalassemia deletion accounted for about one third of the difference in the hemoglobin levels of AfricanAmericans and whites and neither sickle trait nor elevated creatinine levels had an effect. Among all subjects, 19.8% of African-American women would have been classified as "anemic" compared with 5.3% of whites. Among men, the figures were 17.7% and 7.6%. Without iron-deficient or thalassemic subjects, the difference had narrowed to 6.1% and 2.77% and to 4.29% and 3.6%, respectively. Physicians need to take into account that the same reference standards for hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, and TS and the white blood cell count do not apply to all ethnic groups. (Blood. 2005; 106:740-745)

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“…The independent variables in the model were those that have been documented to be associated with anemia: indigenous background, socioeconomic status, maternal education, employment status and maternal literacy. [21][22][23][24][25][26] Expansion factors were calculated based on the characteristics of the national population in 1995.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anemia in Mexican women: a public health problem

Shamah‐Levy¹,

Villalpando²,

Rivera³

et al. 2003

Salud pública Méx

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Objective. The purpose of this study is to quantify the prevalence and distribution of anemia among women of childbearing age (12 to 49 years) participating in the 1999 National Nutrition Survey (NNS-1999). Material and Methods. The survey had a probabilistic design and was representative at the national level, of urban and rural areas and four regions: North, South, Center, and Mexico City. Hemoglobin concentration was determined in capillary blood samples using a portable photometer (HemoCue), in 17 194 women, 697 of whom were pregnant. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia was 27.8% in pregnant women and 20.8% in non-pregnant women. Higher prevalences were observed in rural as compared to urban areas, both in pregnant (28.0% vs 27.7%) and non-pregnant (22.6% vs 20.0%) women, but the differences were not statistically significant (p >0.05). Women in the South had the greatest prevalence (23.2%), followed by those in the North (20.9%), Center (20.6%), and Mexico City (16.4%). Non-pregnant indigenous women had a prevalence of 24.8%, while in non-indigenous women the prevalence was 20.4%. Conclusions. Anemia in women of childbearing age is a growing public health problem that justifies the implementation of interventions for its prevention and control. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html Shamah-Levy T et alA nemia is the most frequent nutritiona-related disease worldwide, affecting half of children and pregnant women and between 20 and 25% of non-pregnant women in developing countries. 1 Both nutritional and non-nutritional factors may cause anemia. The most common nutritional cause is iron deficiency. Other nutritional causes are deficiencies of vitamin B 12 , folic acid, and vitamin A. [2][3][4] Among the non-nutritional causes of anemia are intestinal parasitic infections such as uncinariasis and trichinosis. [5][6][7][8] Other causes include hemodilution during pregnancy, concurrent acute and chronic infections, and menstrual bleeding. 9,10 Iron deficiency also has deleterious effects on the immune response, exercise endurance, cognitive ability, and psychosocial development. 11,12 The extent to which anemia affects the health of mothers and of their newborns is not completely established, but some studies suggest that anemia during pregnancy has adverse effects on both the mother and the fetus. 13,14 Moreover, severe anemia greatly increases the risk of maternal death. 10,14 Insufficient maternal iron stores are reflected in low iron stores in the newborn, leading to increased risk of iron deficiency in the first months of life. Iron deficiency may also have long-term consequences on the health of both mother and child. For example, iron deficiency anemia is associated with birth weight and pre-term birth.The most recent information on the extent and distribution of anemia in Mexico was reported in the 1988 National Nutrition Survey. 15 The present study was designed to quantify the prevalence and describe the distribution of anemia in women...

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Separate hemoglobin standards for blacks and whites: A critical review of the case for separate and unequal hemoglobin standards

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Children with moderately elevated blood lead levels: a role for other diagnostic tests?

Children with moderately elevated blood lead levels: a role for other diagnostic tests?

Hematologic differences between African-Americans and whites: the roles of iron deficiency and α-thalassemia on hemoglobin levels and mean corpuscular volume

Anemia in Mexican women: a public health problem

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