Separate Effects of Intensity and Amount of Exercise on Interindividual Cardiorespiratory Fitness Response

Ross, Robert; Lannoy, Louise de; Stotz, Paula J.

doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.024

Cited by 181 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…CT had lower-intensity aerobic and resistance components than HIIT and RT, respectively. Approaches to improve exercise responses will have positive benefits on public health, and raising exercise intensity can increase the number of exercise responders (Ross et al, 2015). A previous work in younger adults demonstrated that 12 weeks of HIIT increased VO 2 peak and muscle citrate synthase activity to a similar extent as longer duration of lower-intensity aerobic exercise training (Gillen et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Combined training (CT) offers many benefits of both aerobic and resistance training, although the intensity of aerobic and resistance components are lower than either HIIT or standard RT programs (Irving et al, 2015). Lower exercise intensity may limit training adaptations (Ross et al, 2015), particularly of mitochondria (MacInnis et al, 2016). A comprehensive approach to different exercise programs and the specific physiological and molecular adaptations and the potential impact of age on these adaptations remain to be determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced Protein Translation Underlies Improved Metabolic and Physical Adaptations to Different Exercise Training Modes in Young and Old Humans

et al. 2017

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Summary The molecular transducers of benefits from different exercise modalities remain incompletely defined. Here we report that 12 weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval (HIIT), resistance (RT), and combined exercise training enhanced insulin sensitivity and lean mass, but only HIIT and combined training improved aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. HIIT revealed a more robust increase in gene transcripts than other exercise modalities, particularly in older adults, although little overlap with corresponding individual protein abundance was noted. HIIT reversed many age-related differences in the proteome, particularly of mitochondrial proteinsin concert with increased mitochondrial protein synthesis. Both RT and HIIT enhanced proteins involved in translational machinery irrespective of age. Only small changes of methylation of DNA promoter regions were observed. We provide evidence for predominant exercise regulation at the translational level, enhancing translational capacity and proteome abundance to explain phenotypic gains in muscle mitochondrial function and hypertrophy in all ages.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Protein Translation Underlies Improved Metabolic and Physical Adaptations to Different Exercise Training Modes in Young and Old Humans

et al. 2017

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“…The biological variability for insulin measures has been documented at upwards of 50–60% [4, 7]. We [8, 9] and others [2, 10] argue that a true treatment benefit for a given individual would be a response that exceeds the random day-to-day variability of measurement. Consideration of whether an exercise regimen has effects on glucose and insulin metabolism that is beyond the biological and analytical variability, as measured by technical error, is another neglected aspect of intervention trials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of intensity and amount of exercise on measures of insulin and glucose: Analysis of inter-individual variability

et al. 2017

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AimTo determine the separate effects of exercise amount and intensity on the rate of response for glucose and insulin variables, where rate of response was defined as the number of individuals with improvement in glucose and insulin values that was beyond the day-to-day variability of measurement.MethodsParticipants were 171 sedentary, middle-aged abdominally obese adults who completed a 24-week intervention. Participants were randomly assigned to (1) no-exercise control (n = 51), (2) low-amount, low-intensity exercise (LALI, n = 38), (3) high-amount, low-intensity exercise (HALI, n = 52), or (4) high-amount, high-intensity exercise (HAHI, n = 30). Two-hour glucose, insulin area under the curve (AUC), and fasting insulin were measured during a 2-hour, 75g oral glucose challenge. The day-to-day variability for these measures was calculated to be ±2.2 mmol/L, ±940.2 pmol/L, and ±38.9 pmol/L, respectively.ResultsAt 24 weeks, the number of nonresponders for 2-hr glucose was 98.0%, 86.8%, 94.2%, 86.7% in the control, LALI, HALI, and HAHI groups, respectively. The number of nonresponders for insulin AUC was 88.0%, 75.7%, 75.0%, 80.0% in the control, LALI, HALI, and HAHI groups, respectively. The number of nonresponders for fasting insulin was 88.2%, 84.2%, 84.6%, 93.3% in the control, LALI, HALI, and HAHI groups, respectively. The rate of response was not different between control and any of the exercise groups for any measure (p>0.05).ConclusionThe improvement in glucose and insulin measures did not exceed the day-to-day variability of measurement for approximately 80% of the participants independent of exercise amount or intensity.

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“…Similarly, results of time course changes have traditionally been reported as only group means and standard deviations with individual time course changes not being reported. Based on a review of the literature, there have only been two studies to identify individual time course changes [44, 45]. Reporting of individual time course changes for VO 2 max and cardiometabolic risk factor measurements will help to further understand the individual variability in training responsiveness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The incidence of training responsiveness to cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic measurements following individualized and standardized exercise prescription: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Weatherwax

Harris

Kilding

et al. 2016

Trials

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BackgroundThere is individual variability to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) training, but the underlying cause is not well understood. Traditionally, a standardized approach to exercise prescription has utilized relative percentages of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve (HRR), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), or VO2 reserve to establish exercise intensity. However, this model fails to take into consideration individual metabolic responses to exercise and may attribute to the variability in training responses. It has been proposed that an individualized approach would take into consideration metabolic responses to exercises to increase responsiveness to training.MethodsIn this randomized control trial, participants will undergo a 12-week exercise intervention using individualized (ventilatory thresholds) and standardized (HRR) methods to prescribe CRF training intensity. Following the intervention, participants will be categorized as responders or non-responders based on changes in maximal aerobic abilities. Participants who are non-responders will complete a second 12-week intervention in a crossover design to determine whether they can become responders with a differing exercise prescription. There are four main research outcomes: (1) determine the cohort-specific technical error to use in the categorization of response rate; (2) determine if an individualized intensity prescription is superior to a standard approach in regards to VO2max and cardiometabolic risk factors; (3) investigate the time course changes throughout 12 weeks of CRF training between the two intervention groups; and (4) determine if non-responders can become responders if the exercise prescription is modified.DiscussionThe findings from this research will provide evidence on the effectiveness of individualized exercise prescription related to training responsiveness of VO2max and cardiometabolic risk factors compared to a standardized approach and further our understanding of individual exercise responses. If the individualized approach proposed is deemed effective, it may change the way exercise specialists prescribe exercise intensity to enhance training responsiveness.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02868710. Registered on 15 August 2016.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1735-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Separate Effects of Intensity and Amount of Exercise on Interindividual Cardiorespiratory Fitness Response

Abstract: For a fixed amount of exercise, increasing exercise intensity consistent with consensus recommendations eliminated CRF nonresponse. Low-intensity exercise may not be sufficient to improve CRF for a substantial proportion of sedentary obese adults.

Cited by 181 publications

References 18 publications

Enhanced Protein Translation Underlies Improved Metabolic and Physical Adaptations to Different Exercise Training Modes in Young and Old Humans

Enhanced Protein Translation Underlies Improved Metabolic and Physical Adaptations to Different Exercise Training Modes in Young and Old Humans

Effects of intensity and amount of exercise on measures of insulin and glucose: Analysis of inter-individual variability

The incidence of training responsiveness to cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic measurements following individualized and standardized exercise prescription: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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