Separate and combined effects of the social drugs on psychomotor performance

Kerr, John; Sherwood, N.; Hindmarch, Ian

doi:10.1007/bf02244564

Cited by 130 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Mitchell et al 1995;Glautier et al 1996). Alternately, individuals may use nicotine to counteract alcohol's debilitating effects on cognitive skills (Kerr et al 1991;Madden et al 1995). Relatedly, there is evidence that alcohol may act as a cue for tobacco use in both laboratory (Gulliver et al 1995) and field (Shiffman et al 1994) settings.…”

Section: Alcohol-tobacco Comorbiditycontrasting

confidence: 40%

Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: onset, persistence and trajectories of use across two samples

et al. 2002

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Aims-We examined the alcohol-tobacco relationship using two prospective, ethnically diverse samples. Trajectories of alcohol and tobacco use are portrayed overall and by sex and ethnicity. Using prospective analyses, we examine directional influences between alcohol and tobacco use, and we characterize initiation versus persistence of drinking and smoking as a function of use of the other substance.Design, setting-Data were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) and the Adolescent Health Risk Study (AHRS). Follow-up intervals for AddHealth and AHRS were 1 and 5 years, respectively.Participants-AddHealth respondents (n = 4831) were on average 14.8 years old (48% male, 23% black, 61% white) and AHRS respondents (n = 1814) were on average 16.7 years old (47% male, 44% black, 49% white).Measurements-Two alcohol consumption variables and two smoking variables were used: drinking frequency and heavy drinking frequency, and regular (current) smoking and daily number of cigarettes.Findings-Alcohol and tobacco use exhibited monotonic increases over adolescence and young adulthood. Men and white respondents reported more use than women and black respondents. Alcohol and tobacco were moderately associated at both times. Analyses revealed that prior alcohol use predicted tobacco use more strongly than the converse. Initiation of smoking was a function of prior drinking; to a lesser extent, initiation of drinking was a function of prior smoking. Persistence of smoking was a function of prior drinking and persistence of drinking was a function of prior smoking.Conclusions-Provisional support exists for the claim that alcohol use predicts tobacco use more strongly than the converse. For both drinking and smoking, onset and persistence are predicted by prior use of the other substance, and these associations were robust across sex and ethnicity.

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Section: Alcohol-tobacco Comorbiditycontrasting

confidence: 40%

Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: onset, persistence and trajectories of use across two samples

et al. 2002

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“…Some studies demonstrated cognitive improvements in smokers in the absence of withdrawal effects (Warburton and Arnall, 1994). In non-smokers nicotine enhanced motor responses in brief tests of attention (Kerr et al, 1991) and performance in tests of sustained attention (Foulds et al, 1996;Levin et al, 1998;Mumenthaler et al, 1998). In contrast, other studies reported that nicotine either had no effect or impaired performance in non-smokers or non-abstinent smokers in tasks measuring sustained or selective attention (Heishman and Henningfield, 2000;Heishman et al, 1993;Hindmarch et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 41%

Chronic nicotine administration improves attention while nicotine withdrawal induces performance deficits in the 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats

Semenova

Stolerman

Markou

2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Nicotine appears to enhance attention, while nicotine withdrawal leads to attentional deficits in humans that are ameliorated with nicotine administration. However, there has been much debate as to whether nicotine improves performance under baseline conditions, or only ameliorates attentional deficits. Thus, we studied the effects of acute and chronic nicotine administration and nicotine withdrawal on attentional performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in Wistar and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats under baseline conditions. Wistar rats performed with higher accuracy compared to SD rats. Acute nicotine administration induced small increases in accuracy and correct responses, impulsivity and speed of responding and decreases in omission errors. These effects were more pronounced in less accurate rats or after task modifications were implemented to disrupt the rats' performance. Chronic nicotine administration via minipumps consistently increased accuracy during days 4-6 of nicotine infusion after the effect of nicotine on impulsivity during days 1-3 dissipated. By contrast, nicotine withdrawal induced decreases in correct responses, and increases in omissions and latencies to respond, but had no effect on accuracy. These results provide evidence that chronic, but not acute, nicotine administration induced accuracy improvement under baseline conditions, while nicotine withdrawal produced some limited performance deficits.

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“…46,47 This study provided little evidence that the effects of nicotine are influenced by concurrent caffeine (with the exception of working memory accuracy as noted above) and is consistent with other studies examining the combination of these drugs in nonsmoking, moderatecaffeine-consuming individuals. 21,22 This observation may suggest that the coadministration of tobacco and caffeine-containing beverages reflects a behavioral rather than pharmacological mechanism. Sensory characteristics associated with common nicotine and caffeine vehicles (ie, cigarettes, coffee) can influence self-administration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…19,20 Accordingly, there are several reports of the combined effects of nicotine and caffeine in nonnicotine users (N = 10). 21,22 However, these small-sample studies may have been underpowered. Thus, their failure to report an enhanced effect of the nicotine/caffeine combination, relative to either drug alone, may reflect a Type II error.…”

mentioning

confidence: 48%

Caffeine's Influence on Nicotine's Effects in Nonsmokers

Blank¹,

Kleykamp²,

Jennings³

et al. 2007

am j health behav

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Objective-To determine if nicotine's effects are influenced by caffeine in nonsmoking, moderate-caffeine consuming individuals (N=20).Methods-The first 3 sessions included one of 3 randomly ordered, double-blind caffeine doses (0, 75, or 150 mg, oral [po]) and 2 single-blind nicotine gum doses (2 and 4 mg) in ascending order. The fourth session (single blind) repeated the 0 mg caffeine condition.Results-Nicotine increased heart rate and subjective ratings indicative of aversive effects, and decreased reaction times. These effects were independent of caffeine dose and reliable across sessions. Conclusions-In nonsmokers, nicotine effects are not influenced by moderate caffeine doses.Keywords nicotine; caffeine; interaction; subjective effect; cognition Nicotine and caffeine are mild psychomotor stimulants and the most widely used drugs in the United States. 1,2 Interestingly, 80-97% of nicotine users also use caffeine: 3 smokers drink more coffee than nonsmokers and self-administer more nicotine when using caffeine. 4,5 This frequent co-administration may reflect the influence of pharmacokinetics 6,7 and/or environment. 8 Also, the effects of the nicotine-caffeine combination may differ from those of either drug alone. 1,9 Individually, nicotine and caffeine increase heart rate, 10 produce stimulation and arousal, 11,12 and improve attention. 13,14 Some of these effects may be enhanced when the drugs are combined. For example, oral caffeine, but not placebo, increased the subjective and reinforcing effects of intravenous (IV) nicotine (eg, higher ratings of "stimulated" and monetary crossover point, or amount of money willing to be paid to receive drug; [N = 9] 9 ; see also [N = 12] 1 ). Also, 2 mg nicotine gum increased accuracy on a digit-recall task when administered with active, but not placebo, caffeine [N = 6]. 15 Importantly, results from these studies may be influenced by the fact that all participants were regular nicotine users. When regular nicotine users are included in studies examining nicotine effects, results can be influenced by tolerance and dependence. For instance, recent NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript nicotine exposure may result in a marked reduction of drug effect (ie, tolerance), 16 whereas dependence can produce withdrawal signs and symptoms after a period of drug abstinence. 17 Drug-induced suppression of these signs and symptoms 18 can be mistaken for a direct effect of the drug. One way to understand the direct effects of drugs is to include individuals who are not tolerant to or dependent on them. 19,20 Accordingly, there are several reports of the combined effects of nicotine and caffeine in nonnicotine users (N = 10). 21,22 However, these small-sample studies may have been underpowered. Thus, their failure to report an enhanced effect of the nicotine/caffeine combination, relative to either drug alone, may reflect a Type II error. Although including individuals with no history of caffeine use would also be valuable, this goal is vi...

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Separate and combined effects of the social drugs on psychomotor performance

Cited by 130 publications

References 36 publications

Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: onset, persistence and trajectories of use across two samples

Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: onset, persistence and trajectories of use across two samples

Chronic nicotine administration improves attention while nicotine withdrawal induces performance deficits in the 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats

Caffeine's Influence on Nicotine's Effects in Nonsmokers

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