“…To investigate the chemical composition and electronic states of pristine NiO x and alkaline earth metal‐doped NiO x , the incorporation of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba is revealed by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. As shown in Figure b–e, the signals of Mg 2p, Ca 2p, Sr 3d, and Ba 3d are clearly detected at corresponding binding energies, all of which present to be divalent . The actual doping contents for different alkaline earth metal‐doped NiO x HTLs are estimated to be 4.89%, 5.65%, 5.02%, and 5.40% for Mg:NiO x , Ca:NiO x , Sr:NiO x , and Ba:NiO x films, respectively, by the integration of corresponding XPS peaks (Table S2, Supporting Information).…”