Sensory Responses To Environmental Tobacco Smoke From Tobacco-Burning And Tobacco-Heating Cigarettes

Walker, Judy; Jennings, Roger A.; Nelson, Paul R.; Morgan, W. T. J.; Heavner, David L.; Robinson, John H.; DeBethizy, J. Don; Stancill, Melanie W.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1993.t01-1-00003.x

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Our eye blink rate (a response not included in the work by Cain and colleagues) results are consistent with previous work using SS (Muramatsu et al, 1983) and ETS (Winneke et al, 1984;Kay et al, 1990;Walker et al, 1993). We observed that eye blink rate was significantly elevated for only the highest ETS-RSP concentration, although some eye irritation was perceived with much lower levels.…”

Section: Ets-rsp Conc (Pg1m3)supporting

confidence: 92%

“…ETS levels significantly different from the CONTROL condition are denoted by filled symbols. The general pattern is consistent with recent findings from this laboratory (Walker et al, 1993) in that reduced breathing frequency but no change in minute ventilation, occurred during ETS exposure. Comparison of the second and third panels of Figure 8 demonstrates that this was accomplished primarily by increases in expiratory time, which showed the greatest percentage change.…”

Section: Respiratory Responsessupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Breaths were eliminated from the data set if any of the following was true: a) tidal volume >2000 ml; b) inspiratory time >4 seconds or<0.2 seconds; or c) expiratory time >6 seconds orC0.3 seconds. As observed by Walker et al (1993), breathing parameters were markedly different during the times that the movie was paused and the participants completed psychological instruments. This alteration was independent of the presence or absence of ETS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…For example, if a participant placed a mark on the Odor Strength scale at a point midway between the left end of the scale and the point marked "previous high, this indicated that the magnitude of his odor perception was half as intense as his strongest odor experience (whether ETS odor or not) prior to beginning participation in the study. This approach has been used in laboratory studies of human responses to SS (Walker et al, 1988), ETS (Walker et al, 1993) and single odorants (Walker et al, 1990;Warren et al, 1992;Warren et al, 1994;. It has the conceptual advantage that responses are ex-…”

Section: Measurement Of Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a much larger study conducted in 1993 and 1994, Jenkins et al (1996) reported median ETS-RSP exposure levels of 2.55 and 0.709 pg/m3, respectively, for non-smokers living with and working with smokers. To provide a "bridge" to controlled exposure studies, where ETS intensities are most often expressed in terms of carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, the CO-:ETS-RSP ratios obtained in laboratory studies (e.g., Walker et al, 1993) can be used. This approach suggests that the workplace ETS-RSP values reported by Heavner et al (1996) and Jenkins et al (1996) correspond roughly to CO increments of 0.06 and 0.003 ppm, respectively, in laboratory studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptual and Psychophysiological Responses of Non-smokers to a Range of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Concentrations

et al. 1997

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To estimate the perceptual, psychophysiological and cognitive impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on non‐smokers, seventeen male never‐smokers, ages 21–33, were exposed to five concentrations yielding mean ETS‐respirable suspended particles (RSP) levels of 58, 113, 217, 368, and 765 μg/m3. During each 90‐minute session, four smokers were seated behind a partition and smoked, when cued, to generate 70‐minute exposures. For control exposures, smokers “puffed” on unlit cigarettes. Odor Strength, Annoyance, Overall Acceptance and Eye Irritation at the lowest level were significantly different from control values and the degree of change generally increased monotonically with ETS level. Fatigue was not affected by any ETS level. Odor Strength (rated highest of all attributes at all levels) at the 217 μg/m3 ETS‐RSP level was 12.5% of the maximum odor intensity experienced prior to the study. No effect of ETS on information processing was observed. Psychological state and eye blink rate were affected at only the 765 μg/m3 ETS‐RSP level. During times when the participants were not completing a questionnaire or test, all ETS levels resulted in a 5–8% decrease in respiratory rate, due largely to an increase in expiratory duration, but no change in minute ventilation. The breathing changes may represent a psychophysiological response mediated by the olfactory system. Non‐smokers are aware of ETS at ETS‐RSP concentrations as low as 58 μg/m3 (˜80‐fold higher than the level typical of current U.S. workplace environments where smoking is permitted) but its sensory impact remains relatively small until ETS‐RSP concentrations above 217 μg/m3 are encountered.

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Section: Ets-rsp Conc (Pg1m3)supporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Respiratory Responsessupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Measurement Of Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptual and Psychophysiological Responses of Non-smokers to a Range of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Concentrations

et al. 1997

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Single-Pass Environmental Chamber for Quantifying Human Responses to Airborne Chemicals

et al. 2005

Inhalation Toxicology

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Despite increasing interest in the short-term effects of airborne environmental contaminants, experimental findings are generated at a very slow pace. This is due in part to the expense and complexity of most environmental chambers, which are needed for quantifying effects of wholebody exposures. We lessened this obstacle by designing, constructing, and testing a single-pass, 10-m3 stainless-steel chamber. Compressed air is purified before being sent to an air dilution olfactometer, which supplies 1000 L (1 m3) per minute (referenced to STP) while maintaining 40% relative humidity (RH) and 22.6 degrees C. Precise control of all stimulus parameters is greatly simplified since air is not recirculated. Vapor-phase odorant concentrations are achieved by varying the proportion of total airflow passing through one or more saturators, and are verified in real time by an infrared (IR) spectrometer. An adjoining 5-m3 anteroom is used for introducing known intensities of more chemically complex vapor and/or particulate stimuli into the chamber. Prior to the point that air is exhausted from the chamber, all components are made of stainless steel, Teflon, or glass. A LabView program contains feedback loops that achieve document chamber conditions and document performance. Additional instrumentation and computer systems provide for the automated collection of perceptual, respiratory, eye blink, heart rate, blood pressure, psychological state, and cognitive data. These endpoints are now being recorded, using this facility, in response to ranges of concentrations of propionic acid and environmental tobacco smoke.

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Human Responses to Propionic Acid. I. Quantification of Within- and Between-participant Variation in Perception by Normosmics and Anosmics

et al. 1998

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The objective of this study was to fully characterize normosmic perception of stimuli expected to cause widely varying degrees of olfactory and nasal trigeminal stimulation and to directly evaluate the possible role of olfactory nerve stimulation in nasal irritation sensitivity. During each of four identical test sessions, four anosmic and 31 normosmic participants were presented with a range of concentrations extending from peri-threshold for normosmics to supra-threshold for anosmics. For each session, odor (O) and nasal irritation (NI) sensitivities were summarized in terms of the concentrations required to produce four sensation levels ('iso-response' concentrations). Within-participant variation in these iso-response concentrations was < 10-fold for 95% of normosmics, for both O and NI. For O but not NI, these apparent fluctuations in sensitivity were largely accounted for by the uncertainty surrounding the iso-response concentrations calculated for each session. Anosmics exhibited minimal within- and between-participant variation in NI and required, for all but the highest perceptual level, a higher concentration than almost all normosmics. Between-participant variation, expressed in terms of 90% confidence interval widths, was approximately 0.5 log units for both O and NI for the highest perceptual level, but increased to approximately 0.8 and 1.8 log units, respectively, for the lowest (peri-threshold) level. Our findings suggest that: (i) most apparent variation over time in O sensitivity is actually a reflection of the uncertainty surrounding estimates of sensitivity obtained for each session; (ii) within- and between-participant variation in O sensitivity is far less than is commonly reported; and (iii) low to moderate levels of NI in normosmics are the result of relatively weak trigeminal stimulation combined with much greater olfactory activation.

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Sensory Responses To Environmental Tobacco Smoke From Tobacco-Burning And Tobacco-Heating Cigarettes

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

Perceptual and Psychophysiological Responses of Non-smokers to a Range of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Concentrations

Perceptual and Psychophysiological Responses of Non-smokers to a Range of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Concentrations

Single-Pass Environmental Chamber for Quantifying Human Responses to Airborne Chemicals

Human Responses to Propionic Acid. I. Quantification of Within- and Between-participant Variation in Perception by Normosmics and Anosmics

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