Sensory Irritation Evoked by Plastic Decomposition Products

Alarie, Yves; Lin, Chih-Cheng; Geary, D.L.

doi:10.1080/0002889748507085

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…retardants do not significantly increase the toxicity or toxic combustion products (e.g., hydrogen cyanide) from materials [5,6,7,8,9,10], These differing results show that the polymer formulation and the type of fire retardant will influence the toxicity of materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An acute inhalation toxicological evaluation of combustion products from fire retarded and non-fire retarded flexible polyurethane foam and polyester

Levin¹,

Fultz²,

Bailey³

et al. 1983

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 NBS Toxicity Test Method 2.2.2 X-ray Fluorescence 2.2.3 Combustion Parameters 2.2.4 Two-Phase Decomposition of Polyurethane Foam3.0 RESULTS 3.1 X-ray Fluorescence .... 3.2 Rates of Heat Release and Ignition Times 3.3 Autoignition Temperatures 3.4 Gas Analysis and Temperature Measurements. . 3.4.1 Carbon Dioxide 3.4.2 Carbon Monoxide 3.4.3 Hydrogen Cyanide 3.5 Toxicological Results 11 3.5.1 LC--Results 11 ou 12 3.5.2 Post-Exposure Weight Effects 3. 5. 2.1 Effect of Restrainer and Head-Only Exposure

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

An acute inhalation toxicological evaluation of combustion products from fire retarded and non-fire retarded flexible polyurethane foam and polyester

Levin¹,

Fultz²,

Bailey³

et al. 1983

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“…mice) obtained from the time-response curves for each exposure concentration. In Figure 4a the dose-response curve obtained for polystyrene in the flaming combustion mode 11 has been included to compare these earlier results with polystyrene in the oxidative pyrolysis mode from this study. Figure 5 presents the dose-response curves for toluene diisocyanate and ammonia and the results previously obtained for other sensory irritants.…”

Section: Concentration-response Curvesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Transparent polystyrene (PS) fIlm from the same batch used in a previous investigation 11 was again used in this study. Douglas Fir, flexible polyurethane foam (PU) (code 116446-12), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (code 148), were obtained from the National Bureau of Stand· ards.…”

Section: Polymers Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory Irritation and Incapacitation Evoked by Thermal Decomposition Products of Polymers and Comparisons with Known Sensory Irritants

Barrow

Alarie

Stock

1978

Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal

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A decrease in respiratory rate in mice during exposure to irritating airborne chemicals has been utilized as a response parameter to characterize the degree of upper respiratory tract irritation (sensory irritation) to the thermal decomposition products of various polymers. These included polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, flexible polyurethane foam, polytetrafluorethylene, a fiber glass reinforced polyester resin, and Douglas Fir. Each of the materials was thermally decomposed in a low-mass vertical furnace in an air atmosphere at a programmed heating rate of 20 degrees C/min. Mice, in groups of four, were exposed to graded concentrations of the thermal decomposition products of each of the above materials. Dose-response curves were obtained by utilizing the maximum percent decrease in respiratory rate as the response parameter during each exposure. Comparison of these dose-response curves with other sensory irritants such as chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, and toluene diisocyanate gave an indication of the sensory irrtation potential of the thermal decomposition products of these various polymers versus that of well-known single airborne chemical irritants. Total stress and incapacitation of the organism during exposure to sensory irritants such as from the thermal decomposition products of synthetic polymers is discussed.

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“…The polymers selected for study were chosen since they have been reported in the literature to be toxic when burned, and the toxicological impact of small amounts of polymer pyrolysate combined with tobacco smoke was unknown, even though the scientific literature contains many reports on the pyrolysis of pure polymeric materials. Depending upon the chemical structure of the polymer and cross-linking agents, many different chemicals can be produced when burned (Mapperley et al, 1973;Orzel et al, 1993;Alarie et al, 1974Alarie et al, , 1979Alarie et al, , 1981Barrow et al, 1978;Schaper, 1993). These chemical toxicants may also be formed during the pyrolysis of tobacco, including hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, acrolein, and other chemicals (Rustemeier et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Toxicological responses in SW mice exposed to inhaled pyrolysates of polymer/tobacco mixtures and blended tobacco

Werley

Lee

Lemus-Olalde

2009

Inhalation Toxicology

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Modern cigarette manufacturing is highly automated and produces millions of cigarettes per day. The potential for small inclusions of non-cigarette materials such as wood, cardboard packaging, plastic, and other materials exists as a result of bulk handling and high-speed processing of tobacco. Many non-tobacco inclusions such as wood, paper, and cardboard would be expected to yield similar pyrolysis products as a burning cigarette. The aircraft industry has developed an extensive literature on the pyrolysis products of plastics, however, that have been reported to yield toxic by-products upon burning, by-products that have been lethal in animals and humans upon acute exposure under some exposure conditions. Some of these smoke constituents have also been reported in cigarette smoke. Five synthetic polymers, nylon 6, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), nylon 12, nylon 6,6, and acrylonitrile-butadiene (AB), and the natural polymer wool were evaluated by adding them to tobacco at a 3, 10, and 30% inclusion level and then pyrolyzing the mixture. The validated smoke generation and exposure system have been described previously. We used the DIN 53-436 tube furnace and nose-only exposure chamber in combination to conduct exposures in Swiss-Webster mice. Potentially useful biological endpoints for predicting hazards in humans included sensory irritation and pulmonary irritation, respiratory function, clinical signs, body weights, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analysis, carboxyhemoglogin, blood cyanide concentrations, and histopathology of the respiratory tract. Chemical analysis of selected smoke constituents in the test atmosphere was also performed in order to compare the toxicological responses with exposure to the test atmospheres. Under the conditions of these studies, biological responses considered relevant and useful for prediction of effects in humans were found for sensory irritation, body weights, BAL fluid analysis, and histopathology of the nose. There was a marked sensory irritation response that recovered slowly for some polymers. Sustained body weight depression, lesions of the respiratory epithelium of the nose, and morphological changes in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were observed after exposure to some polymer/tobacco pyrolysates. These responses were increased compared to exposure to tobacco pyrolysate alone. No moribundity or mortality occurred during the study. The data suggest that polymeric inclusions pose a minimal additional toxicologic hazard in humans.

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Sensory Irritation Evoked by Plastic Decomposition Products

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

An acute inhalation toxicological evaluation of combustion products from fire retarded and non-fire retarded flexible polyurethane foam and polyester

An acute inhalation toxicological evaluation of combustion products from fire retarded and non-fire retarded flexible polyurethane foam and polyester

Sensory Irritation and Incapacitation Evoked by Thermal Decomposition Products of Polymers and Comparisons with Known Sensory Irritants

Toxicological responses in SW mice exposed to inhaled pyrolysates of polymer/tobacco mixtures and blended tobacco

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