Sensors in the Detection of Abused Substances in Forensic Contexts: A Comprehensive Review

Rosendo, Luana M.; Antunes, Mónica; Simão, Ana Y.; Brinca, Ana Teresa; Catarro, Gonçalo; Pelixo, Rodrigo; Martinho, João; Pires, Bruno; Soares, Sofia; Cascalheira, José Francisco; Passarinha, Luís; Rosado, Tiago; Barroso, Mário; Gallardo, Eugenia

doi:10.3390/mi14122249

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Nevertheless, these sensors require accurate calibration to minimize interference from complicated sample matrices, and, sometimes, the potential can drift after a while. Moreover, the electrodes must often be modified to ensure specificity towards specific analytes [104].…”

Section: Electrochemical Sensors: Forensic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On-site chemical color test reagents are often employed in a predetermined sequence to allow analysts to presumptively identify the drug of interest using a minimum number of tests. Some detection methods for drugs of abuse [104,[185][186][187] allow for quantitative analysis, providing law enforcement with information about the concentration of a specific drug in a sample. They are also deployed at border checkpoints and customs to aid in the rapid screening of incoming shipments for illicit drugs [188].…”

Section: Colorimetry Sensors: Forensic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

Fakayode,

Brady,

Grant

et al. 2024

Chemosensors

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Pharmaceutical opioids are intravenously or orally administered analgesics. While they are effective in relieving chronic and acute pain, their narrow window of therapeutic use contributes to the high occurrence of abuse. The associated abuse of this family of drugs can be correlated to the increase in dependency, overdose, and death of users. The negative effects of opioids extend beyond the physical and psychological effects experienced by the user to their unregulated synthesis and sale, which contribute to socioeconomic challenges and are a biproduct of this global public health epidemic. From clinical to point-of-care applications, the detection and real-time monitoring of this family of drug is critical in the fight to decrease abuse and improve use in clinical settings. Chromatographic separations and chromatography–mass spectrometry are traditional methods of opioid analyses, but the high cost, long analysis time, and absence of portability highlight the need for the development of fast, in situ, point-of-care analysis, or of community drug monitoring services. This review highlights recent electrochemical and optical (FTIR, Raman, colorimetric, and fluorescent) advances and biosensors for pharmaceutical and illicit opioid analysis. Specifically, an emphasis is placed on the detection of opioids and their metabolites in biological samples and in vitro cellular assays for clinical diagnosis and forensic applications. The challenges and prospects of the role of electrochemical sensors, biosensors, and optical sensors for opioid analysis in promoting clinical diagnosis, forensic study, point-of-care, and community drug monitoring services to reduce harm are also provided.

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Section: Electrochemical Sensors: Forensic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Colorimetry Sensors: Forensic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

Fakayode,

Brady,

Grant

et al. 2024

Chemosensors

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“…As highlighted by recent reviews [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], many analytical methods spanning from preliminary screening field tests to more lab-confined, confirmatory methods have been developed for the detection of FTN and/or its analogs. There are recent reports of lab-centered techniques that include the use of lateral flow immunoassays [ 18 ], as well as traditional GC-MS characterization [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Halogen Bonding Interactions Involving Fentanyl and Fentanyl Derivatives

Sherard,

Kaplan,

Simpson

et al. 2024

Nanomaterials

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Fentanyl (FTN) and synthetic analogs of FTN continue to ravage populations across the globe, including in the United States where opioids are increasingly being used and abused and are causing a staggering and growing number of overdose deaths each year. This growing pandemic is worsened by the ease with which FTN can be derivatized into numerous derivatives. Understanding the chemical properties/behaviors of the FTN class of compounds is critical for developing effective chemical detection schemes using nanoparticles (NPs) to optimize important chemical interactions. Halogen bonding (XB) is an intermolecular interaction between a polarized halogen atom on a molecule and e−-rich sites on another molecule, the latter of which is present at two or more sites on most fentanyl-type structures. Density functional theory (DFT) is used to identify these XB acceptor sites on different FTN derivatives. The high toxicity of these compounds necessitated a “fragmentation” strategy where smaller, non-toxic molecules resembling parts of the opioids acted as mimics of XB acceptor sites present on intact FTN and its derivatives. DFT of the fragments’ interactions informed solution measurements of XB using 19F NMR titrations as well as electrochemical measurements of XB at self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-modified electrodes featuring XB donor ligands. Gold NPs, known as monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs), were also functionalized with strong XB donor ligands and assembled into films, and their interactions with FTN “fragments” were studied using voltammetry. Ultimately, spectroscopy and TEM analysis were combined to study whole-molecule FTN interactions with the functionalized MPCs in solution. The results suggested that the strongest XB interaction site on FTN, while common to most of the drug’s derivatives, is not strong enough to induce NP-aggregation detection but may be better exploited in sensing schemes involving films.

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Stable and robust discriminative sensing of illicit drug molecules utilizing a specific geometry of nanotubes

Algharagholy,

García-Suárez,

Dhahi

2024

Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects

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Sensors in the Detection of Abused Substances in Forensic Contexts: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 3 publications

References 70 publications

Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors, and Optical Sensors for the Detection of Opioids and Their Analogs: Pharmaceutical, Clinical, and Forensic Applications

Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Halogen Bonding Interactions Involving Fentanyl and Fentanyl Derivatives

Stable and robust discriminative sensing of illicit drug molecules utilizing a specific geometry of nanotubes

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