Sensors based on carbon paste in electrochemical analysis: A review with particular emphasis on the period 1990–1993

Abstract

A review is presented dealing with the use of carbon paste as an electrode material for electrochemical sensors (3 11 references). It covers mainly publications which appeared during the period 1990-1993; numerous applications demonstrate the widespread applicability of carbon paste in the field of electrochemical analysis, such as voltammetry, amperometry, and potentiometry, but also as an electrode for electrochemical detectors in flow systems.

Determination of catecholamines in pharmaceutical formulations using a biosensor modified with a crude extract of fungi laccase (Pleurotus ostreatus)

“…[11][12][13] The use of crude extract rather than isolated enzymes represents not only alternative and attractive analytical properties, but also simplicity, stability, longer lifetime, lower cost and reduced co-factor requirements. 19,20,36 Figure 1 shows a scheme of the enzymatic processes between catecholamine (adrenaline or dopamine) and laccase (PPO) of crude extract incorporated into a carbon paste electrode. Laccase catalyse the oxidation of adrenaline or dopamine to adrenoquinone or dopaminequinone in 1 minute.…”

“…The low-cost and ease of surface renewal are other important advantages. 19,20 The edible mushroon Pleurotus ostreatus, a white-rot fungus cultivated in submerged culture, has been found to produce laccase, a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase. Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2), catalyses the oxidation of various aromatic compounds (di-and polyphenols, aminophenols and diamines) by reducing molecular oxygen to water through an oxidoreductive multicopper system.…”

Azul de metileno imobilizado na celulose/TiO2 e SiO2/TiO2: propriedades eletroquímicas e planejamento fatorial

“…Este potencial redox encontra-se muito próximo do potencial redox de várias espécies biomoleculares e eletrodos modificados quimicamente baseados no corante têm sido bastante utilizados como sistemas mediadores para acelerar processos de transferência de elétrons entre enzimas e superfícies de eletrodo 11 . Nos últimos anos, um considerável avanço foi observado na preparação de eletrodos quimicamente modificados, com destaque para os eletrodos de pasta de carbono devido à facilidade de construção, baixo custo, baixa corrente de fundo e possibilidade de incorporação de diferentes materiais [12][13][14] . Dentre estes materiais destacam-se matrizes inorgânicas, como sílica 15 , zeólitas 16 , argilas 17 , óxidos mistos obtidos pelo processo sol-gel 18 e matrizes orgânicas, como celulose 19 e derivados 20 , as quais conferem características especificas ao eletrodo 21 .…”

Graphite electrodes modified by 8-hydroxyquinolines and its application for the determination of copper in trace levels

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In the analysis of trace metals, CME have shown some advantages over other analytical methods and have been employed as powerful tools for concentration determination and surface structure identification. 9,10 One of the strategies for surface modification is to employ organic ligands such as phenanthrolines, [11][12][13][14] anthraquinone, 15 pyrazine, 16 alizarin, 17, 18 and triazine 19 which adsorb irreversibly onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode.…”