Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is one of the most common indications for pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID). Historically, SCID was diagnosed in infants who presented with opportunistic infections within the first year of life. With newborn screening (NBS) for SCID in most of the U.S., the majority of infants with SCID are now diagnosed and treated in the first 3.5 months of life, although in the rest of the world, the lack of NBS means that most infants with SCID still present with infections. The average survival for transplanted SCID patients currently is >70% at 3 years post-transplant, although this can vary significantly based on multiple factors including age and infection status at the time of transplantation, type of donor source utilized, manipulation of graft prior to transplant, GVHD prophylaxis, type of conditioning (if any) utilized and underlying genotype of SCID. In at least one study of SCID patients who received no conditioning, long-term survival was 77% at 8.7 years (range out to 26 years) post-transplantation. While a majority of patients with SCID will engraft T cells without any conditioning therapy, depending on genotype, donor source, HLA match and presence of circulating maternal cells a sizable percentage of these will fail to achieve full immune reconstitution. Without conditioning, T cell reconstitution typically occurs, although not always fully, while B cell engraftment does notâleaving some molecular types of SCID patients with intrinsically defective B cells in most cases dependent on regular infusions of immunoglobulin. Because of this, many centers have used conditioning with alkylating agents including busulfan or melphalan known to open marrow niches in attempts to achieve B cell reconstitution. Thus, it is imperative that we understand the potential late effects of these agents in this patient population. There are also non-immunologic risks associated with HCT for SCID that appear to be dependent upon the genotype of the patient. In this report we have evaluated the published data on late effects and attempted to summarize the known risks associated with conditioning and alternative donor sources. These data, while informative, are also a clear demonstration that there is still much to be learned from the SCID population in terms of their post-HCT outcomes. This paper will summarize current findings and recommend further research in areas considered high priority. Specific guidelines regarding a recommended approach to long-term follow up, including laboratory and clinical monitoring will be forthcoming in a subsequent paper.