Sensor Sensibility—HIV-1 and the Innate Immune Response

Abstract

Innate immunity represents the human immune system’s first line of defense against a pathogenic intruder and is initiated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by specialized cellular sensors, called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a unique human RNA virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infected individuals. During the replication cycle, HIV-1 undergoes reverse transcription of its RNA genome and integrates the resulting DNA into the human genome. Subsequently, transcription of the integrated provirus results in production of new virions and spreading infection of the virus. Throughout the viral replication cycle, numerous nucleic acid derived PAMPs can be recognized by a diverse set of innate immune sensors in infected cells. However, HIV-1 has evolved efficient strategies to evade or counteract this immune surveillance and the downstream responses. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of the concerted actions of the innate immune system, as well as the corresponding viral evasion mechanisms during infection, is critical to understanding HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis, and may provide important guidance for the design of appropriate adjuvant and vaccine strategies. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular basis for sensing HIV-1 in human cells, including CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which innate sensing is regulated, and describe the strategies developed by HIV-1 to evade sensing and immune responses.

Differentially expressed serum proteins in children with or without asthma as determined using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation proteomics

“…In a previous study, it was found that when the human airway is exposed to invading pathogens, the congenital immune process is rapidly induced (Lebold, Jacoby & Drake, 2016). The congenital immune system is the first line of defense in the human immune system (Yin et al, 2020). When the body is infected by foreign agents, inflammatory reactions will occur first (Kimbrell & Beutler, 2001).…”

COVID-19 Virulence in Aged Patients Might Be Impacted by the Host Cellular MicroRNAs Abundance/Profile

“…Most importantly, we also found that signaling related to immune response, Fcepsilon receptor signaling pathway, viral process, and symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism signaling affected by the COVID-19 targeting human cellular miRNAs (Table.6). The signaling mentioned above is important to fight against viral infections [45][46][47][48]. Both KEGG and GO pathway analysis revealed that COVID-19 targeting human cellular miRNAs are involved in the number of age-related complications.…”

Peer Review #1 of "Differentially expressed serum proteins in children with or without asthma as determined using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation proteomics (v0.1)"

“…In a previous study, it was found that when the human airway is exposed to invading pathogens, the congenital immune process is rapidly induced (Lebold et al 2016). The congenital immune system is the first line of defense in the human immune system (Yin et al 2020). When the body is infected by foreign agents, inflammatory reactions will occur first (Kimbrell & Beutler 2001).…”