Sensor Compendium: A Snowmass Whitepaper

Abstract

Sensors play a key role in detecting both charged particles and photons for all three frontiers in Particle Physics. The signals from an individual sensor that can be used include ionization deposited, phonons created, or light emitted from excitations of the material. The individual sensors are then typically arrayed for detection of individual particles or groups of particles. Mounting of new, ever higher performance experiments, often depend on advances in sensors in a range of performance characteristics. These performance metrics can include position resolution for passing particles, time resolution on particles impacting the sensor, and overall rate capabilities. In addition the feasible detector area and cost frequently provides a limit to what can be built and therefore is often another area where improvements are important. Finally, radiation tolerance is becoming a requirement in a broad array of devices. We present a status report on a broad category of sensors, including challenges for the future and work in progress to solve those challenges.

Thermal and tensile strength testing of thermally-conductive adhesives and carbon foam

“…Carbon foam is a material well-suited for particle tracking detector mechanical structure applications due to its relatively high thermal conductivity, structural characteristics such as stiffness and long radiation length, and radiation hardness [1][2][3][4][5]. Due to the importance of heat transport in such mechanical structures, bonding methods must maximize thermal conductivity wherever possible.…”

“…The thermal and mechanical properties of adhesives and carbon foam are well known separately, but not when the materials are used in combination. To create accurate heat dissipation models of components for use in future detectors, experimental data are needed to determine how different combinations of materials affect resulting collective thermal and mechanical properties [1]. This paper presents measurements of thermal and mechanical properties of combinations of such materials.…”

Reactive bonding film for bonding carbon foam through metal extrusion

“…The CMS [1,2,3] and ATLAS [4,5] experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider are currently in the R&D phase to prepare detector upgrades for the High-Luminosity LHC era, with a decade-long physics program starting around 2026. Next generation silicon tracking detectors, for these and other experiments, will employ novel materials to reduce mass while meeting stringent requirements for thermal conductivity, stiffness, and radiation tolerance [6,7,8,9,10]. A novel structural material for the upgrades will be carbon foam, which is a highly porous material (10% dense), has a suitably low atomic number, and is tolerant to radiation exposure.…”

“…A novel structural material for the upgrades will be carbon foam, which is a highly porous material (10% dense), has a suitably low atomic number, and is tolerant to radiation exposure. Carbon foam also possesses high thermal conductivity ( > 20 W/m-K) and good strength-to-weight ratio [9,11].…”