Sensor and actuator considerations for precision, small machines

Electromechanical response of silk fibroin hydrogel and conductive polycarbazole/silk fibroin hydrogel composites as actuator material

“…The deflection distances in x (d) and y axes (l) at the end of the specimen were determined by using the SemAfore software. The electric field strength was varied between 0 and 500 V/mm at the room temperature of 300 ± 1 K. The resisting elastic force of the specimens was calculated under electric field using the nonlinear deflection theory of a cantilever [17][18][19][20][21], which can be obtained from the standard curve between (F e l 0 2 )/(El) and d/l 0 (l 0 = initial length of specimens) [20]; F e is the elastic force, d is the deflection distance in the horizontal axis, l is the deflection distance in the vertical axis, E is the Young's modulus which is equal to 2G′(1 + ν), where G′ is the shear storage modulus taken to be G′ (ω = 1 rad/s) at various electric field strengths, ν is the Poisson's ratio (0.5 for an incompressible material), I is the moment of inertia 1/12t 3 w, and t is the thickness of the sample and w is the width of the sample. The dielectrophoresis force was calculated from the static horizontal force balance consisting of the elastic force, the corrective gravity force, and the buoyancy force, as in Eq.…”

Highly Electroresponsive Polymer Blends of Polyaniline Nanoparticles and Chloroprene Rubbers

“…The resisting elastic forces of the specimens were calculated under the electric field using the nonlinear deflection theory of a cantilever. [20][21][22][23][24] The effects of the DC electric field strength and particle concentration on the deflection angle and dielectrophoresis force were investigated under the Figs. 6a-6e).…”

Single- and multi-sine DFT demodulation with an application to precision capacitive sensors

“…Further note that ripple noise can be reduced for both the running and conventional DFT, albeit with an associated delay, by performing a running average of S consecutive amplitudes. a n s = 1 S S−1 m=0 a n−m (12) This latter method is referred to as a running array average DFT and is also reported in the experimental section.…”