Titanium dioxide is a wide band-gap semiconductor of high chemical stability, nontoxicity and large refractive index. Because of the high photocatalytic activity, anatase is a preferred TiO 2 form in many applications such as for air and water splitting and purification. Doping of TiO 2 with various ions can increase the photocatalytic activity by enhancing light absorption in visible region and can alter structure, surface area and morphology. Also, by doping TiO 2 with optically active ions, visible light via up-or downconversion luminescence can be produced. It is a challenge to optimize the synthesis procedure to incorporate rare earth RE 3+ ions into the TiO 2 structure due to large mismatch in ionic radii between the Ti 4+ and RE 3+ and because of the charge imbalance. Visible (VIS) and ultraviolet (UV) luminescence of several RE 3+ ions can be obtained when incorporated into anatase TiO 2 , also affecting microstructural characteristics of TiO 2. It is of great importance to summarize publications on rare earth-doped anatase TiO 2 nanoparticles to find correct TiO 2-RE combination to sensitize trivalent rare earths luminescence, as well as to predict or tune structural and morphological properties. A better understanding on these topics may progress the desired design of this kind of material towards specific applications.