Sensitization of theTritoniaEscape Swim

Frost, William N.; Brandon, Cindy L.; Mongeluzi, Donna L.

doi:10.1006/nlme.1997.3816

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Latencies are of the order of a few milliseconds in fast-moving animals with escape responses mediated by giant neurons, such as fish, various crustaceans and insects (Eaton, 1984), whereas they are much longer in slowmoving animals, such as most gastropods [e.g. 0.6s in Nassa mutabilis (Lemmnitz et al, 1989) and 4-6.5s in Tritonia diomedea (Frost et al, 1998)]. Unfortunately, latency data are not necessarily provided with directional data.…”

Section: Sensory and Neural Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories

Domenici¹,

Blagburn

Bacon

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

171

169

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SummaryEscape responses are used by many animal species as their main defence against predator attacks. Escape success is determined by a number of variables; important are the directionality (the percentage of responses directed away from the threat) and the escape trajectories (ETs) measured relative to the threat. Although logic would suggest that animals should always turn away from a predator, work on various species shows that these away responses occur only approximately 50-90% of the time. A small proportion of towards responses may introduce some unpredictability and may be an adaptive feature of the escape system. Similar issues apply to ETs. Theoretically, an optimal ET can be modelled on the geometry of predator-prey encounters. However, unpredictability (and hence high variability) in trajectories may be necessary for preventing predators from learning a simple escape pattern. This review discusses the emerging trends in escape trajectories, as well as the modulating key factors, such as the surroundings and body design. The main ET patterns identified are: (1) high ET variability within a limited angular sector (mainly 90-180deg away from the threat; this variability is in some cases based on multiple peaks of ETs), (2) ETs that allow sensory tracking of the threat and (3) ETs towards a shelter. These characteristic features are observed across various taxa and, therefore, their expression may be mainly related to taxon-independent animal design features and to the environmental context in which prey live -for example whether the immediate surroundings of the prey provide potential refuges.

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Section: Sensory and Neural Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories

Domenici¹,

Blagburn

Bacon

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

171

169

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“…Interestingly, whereas modifications of defensive responses have been extensively described in Aplysia and other animal models (e.g., Carew and Sahley 1986;Cleary et al 1995;Frost et al 1998;Kandel 2001;Zaccardi et al 2001), the effects of noxious stimuli on nondefensive behaviors have been only marginally explored. Characterizing the effects of noxious stimuli on both defensive and nondefensive behaviors is critical to fully appreciate the means by which encountered stimuli differentially influence the animal's behavioral repertoire.…”

Section: [Supplemental Materials Is Available For This Article]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and persistent suppression of feeding behavior induced by sensitization training in Aplysia

Acheampong

Kelly²,

Shields-Johnson³

et al. 2012

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In Aplysia, noxious stimuli induce sensitization of defensive responses. However, it remains largely unknown whether such stimuli also alter nondefensive behaviors. In this study, we examined the effects of noxious stimuli on feeding. Strong electric shocks, capable of inducing sensitization, also led to the suppression of feeding. The use of multiple training protocols revealed that the time course of the suppression of feeding was analogous to that of sensitization. In addition, the suppression of feeding was present only at the time points in which sensitization was expressed. These results suggest that, in Aplysia, noxious stimuli may produce concurrent changes in neural circuits controlling both defensive and nondefensive behaviors.

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“…While this sensitization is frequently not evident in the cycle number curves, its presence is revealed by the reduced swim onset latency that occurs during habituation training. During habituation training, the very first stimulus produces sensitization of several behavioral features, including swim threshold, onset latency, and cycle number, as well as the latencies of the rhinophore and gill withdrawal reflex responses to the stimulus (Frost et al 1998). Parallel examples occur in vertebrates, where for example, repeated acoustic stimulation produces habituation of the amplitude of the rat's startle response, together with a simultaneous sensitization of startle latency (Pilz and Schnitzler 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Dishabituation of the Tritonia Escape Swim

Mongeluzi¹,

Frost²

2000

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When repeatedly elicited, the oscillatory escape swim of the marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea undergoes habituation of the number of cycles per swim. Although similar in most respects to habituation observed in vertebrates and other invertebrates, one key feature, dishabituation, has been surprisingly difficult to demonstrate. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that this is due to interference from short-term sensitization, which is manifested as a reduction in swim onset latency, that occurs simultaneously during habituation training. Robust dishabituation was obtained using a multisession habituation protocol designed to allow this sensitization to dissipate before the dishabituatory stimulus was applied. These results extend the similarity of habituation in Tritonia to that described in other species, strengthening the usefulness of this preparation as a model system for studies of the cellular basis of habituation.

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Sensitization of theTritoniaEscape Swim

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories

Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories

Rapid and persistent suppression of feeding behavior induced by sensitization training in Aplysia

Dishabituation of the Tritonia Escape Swim

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