Sensitization and habituation regulate reinforcer effectiveness

McSweeney, Frances K.; Murphy, Eric S.

doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.07.002

Cited by 75 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…It can be assumed that the conditioned incentive properties of the partner, hence the response of approach, had reached an asymptotic level by Day 6. Any further increase in response intensity would be offset because of habituation (McSweeney & Murphy, 2009; Carr & Epstein, 2011) or because of negative alliesthesia (Cabanac, 1971; Brondel et al, 2009; Kim et al, 2010). Thus, performance of conditioned responses stabilizes or gets reduced, as is the case with some sociosexual behaviors in long term marmoset pairs (see Introduction) and in human long term relationships (Klusmann, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix penicillata)

Ågmo¹,

Smith²,

Birnie³

et al. 2012

Behav

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The present study describes how the development of a pair bond modifies social, sexual and aggressive behavior. Five heterosexual pairs of marmosets, previously unknown to each other, were formed at the beginning of the study. At the onset of pairing, social, sexual, exploratory and aggressive behaviors were recorded for 40 min. The animals were then observed for 20 min, both in the morning and afternoon for 21 days. The frequency and/or duration of behaviors recorded on Day 1 were compared to those recorded at later observations. The behavior displayed shortly after pairing should be completely unaffected by the pair bond, while such a bond should be present at later observations. Thus, it was possible to determine how the behavior between the pair was modified by the development of a pair bond. Social behaviors increased from Day 1 to Days 2–6 and all subsequent days observed. Conversely, other behaviors, such as open mouth displays (usually considered to be an invitation to sexual activity), had a high frequency during the early part of cohabitation but declined towards the end. Consequently, pair bonding manifests itself in an increased intensity of social behaviors. It is suggested that the intrinsically rewarding properties of grooming and perhaps other social behaviors turn the pair mate into a positive incentive, activating approach and further interactions when possible. Thus, the pair bond may be a motivational state activated by the conditioned incentive properties of the partner. This notion can explain all forms of pair bonds, including those occurring between individuals of the same sex and in promiscuous species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix penicillata)

Ågmo¹,

Smith²,

Birnie³

et al. 2012

Behav

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show abstract

“…Although most studies of habituation focus on reflexive behaviors, such as orienting and startle responses, even motivated behaviors are modulated by habituation processes. For example, voluntary wheel running behavior and operant responding in rodents are modulated by innate habituation (Aoyama and McSweeney 2001; McSweeney and Murphy 2009). Reduced habituation is correlated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including chronic schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.…”

Section: Behavioral Alterations In the Hiv-1tg Ratmentioning

confidence: 99%

The HIV-1 transgenic rat model of neuroHIV

Vigorito

Connaghan

Chang

2015

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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Despite the ability of current combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) to limit the progression of HIV-1 to AIDS, HIV-positive individuals continue to experience neuroHIV in the form of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND), which can range from subtle to substantial neurocognitive impairment. NeuroHIV may also influence substance use, abuse, and dependence in HIV-positive individuals. Because of the nature of the virus, variables such as mental health co-morbidities make it difficult to study the interaction between HIV and substance abuse in human populations. Several rodent models have been developed in an attempt to study the transmission and pathogenesis of the HIV-1 virus. The HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat is a reliable model of neuroHIV because it mimics the condition of HIV-infected patients on cART. Research using this model supports the hypothesis that the presence of HIV-1 viral proteins in the central nervous system increases the sensitivity and susceptibility of HIV-positive individuals to substance abuse.

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“…However, the results of exposure to predator odors are inconsistent. Some authors concluded that habituation did not follow repeated presentation of life-threatening stimuli, such as a predator odor [31]. However, other experiments showed responses that did habituate with prolonged exposure [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive responses of Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) to chronic predatory stress

Hegab

Shang

et al. 2014

Physiology & Behavior

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Predator odors are non-intrusive natural stressors of high ethological relevance. The objective of this study was to investigate the processing of a chronic, life-threatening stimulus during repeated prolonged presentation to Brandt's voles. One hundred and twenty voles were tested by repeated presentation of cat feces in a defensive withdrawal apparatus. Voles exposed to feces for short periods showed more avoidance, more concealment in the hide box, less contact time with the odor source, more freezing behavior, less grooming, more jumping, and more vigilant rearing than did non-exposed voles, and those exposed for longer periods. Serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone increased significantly when animals were repeatedly exposed to cat feces for short periods. The behavioral and endocrine responses habituated during prolonged presentation of cat feces. ΔfosB mRNA expression level was highest in voles exposed to cat feces for 6 and 12 consecutive days, and subsequently declined in animals exposed to cat feces for 24 days. We therefore conclude that the behavioral and endocrine responses to repeated exposure to cat feces undergo a process of habituation, while ΔfosB changes in the medial hypothalamic region exhibit sensitization. We propose that habituation and sensitization are complementary rather than contradictory processes that occur in the same individual upon repeated presentation of the same stressor.

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Sensitization and habituation regulate reinforcer effectiveness

Cited by 75 publications

References 59 publications

Behavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix penicillata)

Behavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix penicillata)

The HIV-1 transgenic rat model of neuroHIV

Defensive responses of Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) to chronic predatory stress

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