Sensitivity to orientation modulation in micropattern-based textures

Kingdom, Frederick A. A.; Keeble, D.R.T.; Moulden, Bernard

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)e0079-z

Cited by 71 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…These bandwidth estimates are reasonably consistent with neurophysiological measurements in macaque V1 (see De Valois and De Valois 1988). Second-order contrast sensitivity is relatively broadband for a variety of texture modulations (Kingdom et al 1995;Sutter et al 1995;Schofield and Georgeson 1999;Landy and Oruç 2002). It is hypothesized that this sensitivity arises from multiple, narrowly tuned mechanisms (Arsenault et al 1999;Schofield and Georgeson 1999;Landy and Oruç 2002).…”

supporting

confidence: 72%

Human primary visual cortex (V1) is selective for second-order spatial frequency

Hallum

Landy

Heeger

2011

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Hallum LE, Landy MS, Heeger DJ. Human primary visual cortex (V1) is selective for second-order spatial frequency. J Neurophysiol 105: 2121-2131, 2011. First published February 23, 2011 doi:10.1152/jn.01007.2010.-A variety of cues can differentiate objects from their surrounds. These include "first-order" cues such as luminance modulations and "second-order" cues involving modulations of orientation and contrast. Human sensitivity to firstorder modulations is well described by a computational model involving spatially localized filters that are selective for orientation and spatial frequency (SF). It is widely held that first-order modulations are represented by the firing rates of simple and complex cells ("first-order" neurons) in primary visual cortex (V1) that, likewise, have spatially localized receptive fields that are selective for orientation-and SF. Human sensitivity to second-order modulations is well described by a filter-rectify-filter (FRF) model, with first-and secondorder filters selective for orientation and SF. However, little is known about how neuronal activity in visual cortex represents second-order modulations. We tested the FRF model by using an functional (f)MRIadaptation protocol to characterize the selectivity of activity in visual cortex to second-order, orientation-defined gratings of two different SFs. fMRI responses throughout early visual cortex exhibited selective adaptation to these stimuli. The low-SF grating was a more effective adapter than the high-SF grating, incompatible with the FRF model. To explain the results, we extended the FRF model by incorporating normalization, yielding a filter-rectify-normalize-filter model, in which normalization enhances selectivity for second-order SF but only for low spatial frequencies. We conclude that neurons in human visual cortex are selective for second-order SF, that normalization (surround suppression) contributes to this selectivity, and that the selectivity in higher visual areas is simply fed forward from V1. functional magnetic resonance imaging; second-order vision; adaptation; surround suppression MODELS OF TEXTURE PERCEPTION typically consist of a linear spatial filter, rectification of filter outputs, and a second linear spatial filter [called filter-rectify-filter (FRF) models]. The term "1st-order" refers to modulations of luminance, such as the edge illustrated in Fig. 1A. The texture-defined boundary in Fig. 1B is an example "2nd-order" image modulation. The average luminance is identical on either side of the boundary, as is the average luminance contrast; the boundary is defined by a change in a local texture property (here, orientation). A linear filter will respond to differences in luminance across a boundary (Fig. 1A). However, a linear filter cannot respond to the texture-defined edge of Fig. 1B because there is no change in average luminance across the edge. A FRF model is commonly used to explain human sensitivity to such texture boundaries (Fig. 1B). Each 1st-stage filter is selective for one of the constituent ...

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supporting

confidence: 72%

Human primary visual cortex (V1) is selective for second-order spatial frequency

Hallum

Landy

Heeger

2011

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Recent studies have delineated the modulation sensitivity of a number of second-order mechanisms, namely contrastmodulated (Jamar and Koenderink 1985;Schofield and Georgeson 1999;Sutter et al 1995), motion-modulated (Meso and Hess 2010;Watson and Eckert 1994), spatial frequency-modulated (Arsenault et al 1999), and orientation-modulated (Kingdom et al 1995;Landy and Oruç 2002;Meso and Hess 2011b). The filter properties could be related specifically to the second-order stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Properties of spatial channels underlying the detection of orientation-modulations

Reynaud

Hess

2012

Exp Brain Res

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Orientation-modulated stimuli are thought to be processed via a two-stage process, the first stage involving the detection of the carrier by mechanisms in striate cortex and the second stage involving the detection of the modulation by way of integration of carrier-based information by mechanisms in extra-striate cortex. Much is known about the spatial properties of the channels underlying carrier detection but less is known about the properties of the channels involved in modulation detection. Using a discrimination at detection paradigm, we show that the mechanisms underlying modulation detection are tuned for envelope spatial frequency and orientation. The tuning of these channels is not substantially different from that previously described for carrier mechanisms, namely 1-2 octaves for spatial frequency and 30° for orientation. For orientation, these stimuli exhibit an oblique effect that is dependent on absolute carrier orientation, suggesting facilitative interactions between first- and second-stage processes.

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“…Texture spatial frequency was fixed throughout at 0.35 cpd, producing 3 cycles of orientation modulation across the stimulus. This texture spatial frequency was close to that producing peak sensitivity for orientation gratings made from similar Gabors to those used here (Kingdom et al, 1995). The phase of the texture modulation was randomized on each stimulus presentation.…”

Section: Om Fm and CM Gratingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism independence for texture-modulation detection is consistent with a filter-rectify-filter mechanism

2003

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The ability of the visual system to detect stimuli that vary along dimensions other than luminance or color-"second-order" stimuli-has been of considerable interest in recent years. An important unresolved issue is whether different types of second-order stimuli are detected by a single, all purpose, mechanism, or by mechanisms that are specific to stimulus type. Using a conventional psychophysical paradigm, we show that for a class of second-order stimuli-textures sinusoidally modulated in orientation (OM), spatial frequency (FM), and contrast (CM)-the human visual system employs mechanisms that are selective to stimulus type. Whereas the addition of a subthreshold mask to a test pattern of the same stimulus type was found to facilitate the detection of the test, no facilitation was observed when mask and test were of different types, suggesting mechanism independence for the different types of stimulus. This finding raises the important question of whether mechanism independence is compatible with the well-known filter-rectify-filter (FRF) model of second-order stimulus detection, since FRF mechanisms, in principle, do not discriminate between stimulus types. We show that for all mask0test combinations except those with CM masks, the FRF mechanism giving the largest response to the test modulation is largely unaffected by subthreshold levels of a different stimulus-type mask. For this reason, we cannot rule out the possibility that FRF mechanisms mediate the detection of our stimuli. For combinations involving CM masks, however, we propose that a process of contrast normalization renders the test stimulus insensitive to the mask stimulus.

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Sensitivity to orientation modulation in micropattern-based textures

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

Human primary visual cortex (V1) is selective for second-order spatial frequency

Human primary visual cortex (V1) is selective for second-order spatial frequency

Properties of spatial channels underlying the detection of orientation-modulations

Mechanism independence for texture-modulation detection is consistent with a filter-rectify-filter mechanism

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