Sensitivity of cortical movement representations to motor experience: evidence that skill learning but not strength training induces cortical reorganization

Remple, Michael S.; Bruneau, Rochelle; VandenBerg, Penny M.; Goertzen, Crystal D.; Kleim, Jeffrey A.

doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00199-1

Cited by 278 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…ICMS requires that a stimulating electrode be lowered to a depth of 1550 µm to stimulate layer V pyramidal cells (Gharbawie et al, 2005;Karl et al, 2008;Kleim et al, 2004;Remple et al, 2001;Williams et al, 2006). Cortical thinning could cause layer V pyramidal cells to shift along the dorsoventral axis after stroke.…”

Section: Electrophysiological Implications Of the Plastic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thinning, movement, and volume loss of residual cortical tissue occurs after stroke in the adult rat as identified by histological and magnetic resonance imaging analysis

et al. 2010

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Section: Electrophysiological Implications Of the Plastic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thinning, movement, and volume loss of residual cortical tissue occurs after stroke in the adult rat as identified by histological and magnetic resonance imaging analysis

et al. 2010

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“…However, evidence remains elusive as to whether the site of adaptations is supraspinal, spinal, or both. A group of animal and human studies suggests that prolonged exercise training with high-intensity voluntary contractions vis-à-vis skill training produces little or no adaptation in the corticospinal neurons and M1 (9,30,44). However, resistance training of the tibialis anterior was associated with a 32% increase in MEP amplitude produced by TMS during low-level contractions without changes in M-wave amplitude, indicating a role for spinal, corticospinal neurons, possibly M1 (25).…”

Section: Role Of Primary Motor Cortex In Maximal Voluntary Forcementioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Hortobágyi¹,

Richardson²,

Lomarev³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Hortobágyi T, Richardson SP, Lomarev M, Shamim E, Meunier S, Russman H, Dang N, Hallett M. Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans. J Appl Physiol 106: 403-411, 2009. First published November 13, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90701.2008Although there is consensus that the central nervous system mediates the increases in maximal voluntary force (maximal voluntary contraction, MVC) produced by resistance exercise, the involvement of the primary motor cortex (M1) in these processes remains controversial. We hypothesized that 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of M1 during resistance training would diminish strength gains. Forty subjects were divided equally into five groups. Subjects voluntarily (Vol) abducted the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) (5 bouts ϫ 10 repetitions, 10 sessions, 4 wk) at 70 -80% MVC. Another group also exercised but in the 1-min-long interbout rest intervals they received rTMS [VolϩrTMS, 1 Hz, FDI motor area, 300 pulses/ session, 120% of the resting motor threshold (rMT)]. The third group also exercised and received sham rTMS (VolϩSham). The fourth group received only rTMS (rTMS_only). The 37.5% and 33.3% gains in MVC in Vol and VolϩSham groups, respectively, were greater (P ϭ 0.001) than the 18.9% gain in VolϩrTMS, 1.9% in rTMS_only, and 2.6% in unexercised control subjects who received no stimulation. Acutely, within sessions 5 and 10, single-pulse TMS revealed that motor-evoked potential size and recruitment curve slopes were reduced in VolϩrTMS and rTMS_only groups and accumulated to chronic reductions by session 10. There were no changes in rMT, maximum compound action potential amplitude (M max), and peripherally evoked twitch forces in the trained FDI and the untrained abductor digiti minimi. Although contributions from spinal sources cannot be excluded, the data suggest that M1 may play a role in mediating neural adaptations to strength training. muscle; transcranial magnetic stimulation; cortical excitability IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED that neural mechanisms mediate the initial gains in maximal voluntary strength in response to chronic resistance exercise (9,16,19,20,39). However, there is disagreement concerning the magnitude and nature of involvement of specific structures of the central nervous system in neuronal adaptations to chronic exercise. A handful of studies used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine whether the primary motor cortex (M1) contributes to neuronal adaptations to resistance training-induced increases in voluntary force (9,25,30). Carroll et al. (9) found that resistance training did not modify the size of the TMSproduced motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at rest, but the force of the first dorsal interosseus muscle (FDI) at which maximum MEP amplitude occurred significantly shifted from ϳ50% maximal voluntary force (maximal voluntary contraction, MVC) before training to ϳ35% MVC after training. Coupled with data produced by transcranial ele...

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“…New motor patterns are incorporated into existing neural circuits and this change may be impeded by old motor behaviours (Adkins et al, 1985). Long term retention of motor skill acquisition is strongly dependent on successful consolidation (Dayan and Cohen, 2011), which requires repetition (Luft and Buitrago, 2005), and is also dependent on the extent of conscious attention and skill (Hodges, 2011;Remple et al, 2001). Retraining running patterns in a group of runners may take more intense feedback over a longer timeframe.…”

Section: Neuromuscular Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

The outcome of hip exercise in patellofemoral pain: A systematic review

et al. 2016

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Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is one of the most common lower extremity conditions seen in clinical practice. Current evidence shows that there are hip strength deficits, delayed onset and shorter activation of gluteus medius in people with PFP. The aim of this review was to systematically review the literature to investigate the outcome of hip exercise in people with PFP.Method AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, PEDro, Pubmed, Science direct and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to November 2014 for RCTs, non-randomised studies and case studies. Two independent reviewers assessed each paper for inclusion and quality. ResultsTwenty one papers were identified;eighteen investigating strengthening exercise, two investigating the effect of neuromuscular exercise and one study investigated the effect of hip exercise for the prevention of PFP.Hip and knee strengthening programmes were shown to be equally effective. Limited evidence indicates that the addition of hip exercise to an exercise programme is beneficial. Limited evidence demonstrates that motor skill retraining in a participant group who displayed abnormal hip alignment in running improves pain. ConclusionThe evidence consistently demonstrated that both hip strengthening and neuromuscular exercise has a beneficial effect on pain and function in people with PFP. Strengthening exercise predominantly addressed abductor and external rotator muscle groups. 2 A consensus from PFP researchers for standardisation of methodology is recommended to enable meaningful comparison between trials.

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Sensitivity of cortical movement representations to motor experience: evidence that skill learning but not strength training induces cortical reorganization

Cited by 278 publications

References 40 publications

Thinning, movement, and volume loss of residual cortical tissue occurs after stroke in the adult rat as identified by histological and magnetic resonance imaging analysis

Thinning, movement, and volume loss of residual cortical tissue occurs after stroke in the adult rat as identified by histological and magnetic resonance imaging analysis

Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

The outcome of hip exercise in patellofemoral pain: A systematic review

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