Sensitivity of convectively driven tropical tropopause cirrus properties to ice habits in high-resolution simulations

Abstract

Abstract. Cirrus clouds that form in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) can play a key role in vertical transport through the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, which can significantly impact the radiative energy budget and stratospheric chemistry. However, the lack of realistic representation of natural ice cloud habits in microphysical parameterizations can lead to uncertainties in cloud-related processes and cloud–climate feedbacks. The main goal of this study is to investigate the role of different cloud regimes and the associated ice habits in regulating the properties of the TTL. We compare aircraft measurements from the StratoClim field campaign to a set of numerical experiments at the scale of large-eddy simulations (LESs) for the same case study that employ different microphysics schemes. Aircraft measurements over the southern slopes of the Himalayas captured high ice water content (HIWC) up to 2400 ppmv and ice particle aggregates exceeding 700 µm in size with unusually long residence times. The observed ice particles were mainly of liquid origin, with a small amount formed in situ. The corresponding profile of ice water content (IWC) from the ERA5 reanalysis corroborates the presence of HIWC detrained from deep-convective plumes in the TTL but underestimates HIWC by an order of magnitude. In the TTL, only the scheme that predicts ice habits can reproduce the observed HIWC, ice number concentration, and bimodal ice particle size distribution. The lower range of particle sizes is mostly represented by planar and columnar habits, while the upper range is dominated by aggregates. Large aggregates with sizes between 600 and 800 µm have fall speeds of less than 20 cm s−1, which explains the long residence time of the aggregates in the TTL. Planar ice particles of liquid origin contribute substantially to HIWC. The columnar and aggregate habits are in the in situ range with lower IWC and number concentrations. For all habits, the ice number concentration increases with decreasing temperature. For the planar ice habit, relative humidity is inversely correlated with fall speed. This correlation is less evident for the other two ice habits. In the lower range of supersaturation with respect to ice, the columnar habit has the highest fall speed. The difference in ice number concentration across habits can be up to 4 orders of magnitude, with aggregates occurring in much smaller numbers. We demonstrate and quantify the linear relationship between the differential sedimentation of pristine ice crystals and the size of the aggregates that form when pristine crystals collide. The slope of this relationship depends on which pristine ice habit sediments faster. Each simulated ice habit is associated with distinct radiative and latent heating rates. This study suggests that a model configuration nested down to LES scales with a microphysical parameterization that predicts ice shape evolution is crucial to provide an accurate representation of the microphysical properties of TTL cirrus and thus the associated (de)hydration process.

The Impact of Gravity Waves on the Evolution of Tropical Anvil Cirrus Microphysical Properties

“…Ice concentrations of 1-10 cm −3 were measured at altitudes of 16-17 km. IWCs as high as 3,000 ppmv were observed, consistent with strong, active convection (Lamraoui et al, 2023). As in the ATTREX and POSIDON cases, the ice crystal size distributions in the convective segments (Seg1 and Seg3) were broad with abundant small crystals as well as crystals up to 1,000 μm.…”

Opinion: Tropical cirrus – from micro-scale processes to climate-scale impacts

“…Microphysical processes and parameters play an important role in this modulation (Zhang et al, 1999). Modeling studies show that ice microphysics schemes can alter the top-of-the-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation by as much as 30 W m −2 , while the consideration of different ice habits can alter ice crystal number concentrations and resultant radiative effects drastically (Sullivan and Voigt, 2021;Lamraoui et al, 2023). Along with the small-scale physics and shape of ice crystals, their complexity -a term encompassing factors such as surface roughness and hollowness -can generate additional shortwave (SW) cooling on the order of 1 W m −2 (Järvinen et al, 2018).…”

“…Increases in ACA with warming were found in one-third of the models participating in the Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Model Intercomparison Project (RCEMIP; Wing et al, 2018Wing et al, , 2020 and have long been a salient feature of NICAM, a GSRM (Tsushima et al, 2014). These inconclusive results, along with the known sensitivity of simulated anvil cirrus to factors such as horizontal resolution (Jeevanjee and Zhou, 2022) and ice crystal habit assumptions (Lamraoui et al, 2023), show just how difficult anvil cirrus clouds are to model (see Sect. 5).…”

The Sensitivity of Moisture Flux Partitioning in the Cold‐Point Tropopause to External Forcing

“…The explicitly resolved deep convection in our numerical model increases the confidence that this result is not a model artifact. The actual numbers presented in this study may be model specific and sensitive to the choice of microphysical parametrization (Hu et al., 2021; Lamraoui et al., 2023; van Zanten et al., 2011). Further constraints of the contribution of frozen moisture to the total flux based on observations are needed and may be complemented by simulations with even higher resolution.…”