Sensitivity of Air Pollution-Induced Premature Mortality to Precursor Emissions under the Influence of Climate Change

Tagaris, Efthimios; Liao, Kuo-Jen; DeLucia, Anthony J.; Deck, Leland; Amar, Praveen; Russell, Armistead G.

doi:10.3390/ijerph7052222

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Metal elements can bind to dust particles and therefore affect respiratory function (Hong et al, 2010). The regional dust is not only significantly harmful to health, but also to the ecological environment, agricultural activities (suppressing plant growth by blocking plant pores and disrupting photosynthesis), land use and soil formation, reduced soil fertility in dust storm source areas, chemical/elemental fluxes between continents and oceanic biogeochemical cycles, delivery of iron to the oceans, reduction of solar radiation that reach the ground, effect on air temperature, reduction of visibility that limits various activities, increases traffic accidents, and may increase the occurrence of vertigo in aircraft pilots (Prospero et al, 2008;Goudie , 2009;Tagaris et al, 2010;Maghrabi et al, 2011;Chang et al, 2013;Chiu et al, 2013;Gan et al, 2013;Delfino et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol Loads during Springtime Dust Storm in Western Saudi Arabia

Alghamdi

Almazroui

Shamy

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Dust storm is a common phenomenonand, a severe environmental hazard in western Saudi Arabia. In this study, simultaneous measurement of PM 10 , PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 and elemental compositions analysis of PM 2.5 in Jeddah city during springtime (March 2012) dust storm (DS) and non-dust storm (non-DS) periods were carried out to investigate the impact of DS on the levels, characterization and elemental compositions of atmospheric particles. Results indicate that PM fractions concentrations were higher in DS environment compared to non-DS. The diurnal variation of PM fractions concentrations was uni-modal in non-DS environment and bimodal in DS. PM 1.0 /PM 10 , PM 2.5 /PM 10 and PM 2.5 /PM 2.5-10 ratios were relatively lower in DS, indicating that sand-dust events in spring carry much more coarse than fine particles to Jeddah. PM 10 , PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 in DS and PM 10 and PM 2.5 in non-DS might originate from similar sources. PM 10 , PM 2.5 , PM 1.0 in DS and PM 10 in non-DS were correlated negatively with relative humidity and positively with wind speed. PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 in non-DS were correlated positively with relative humidity and negatively with wind speed. The crustal elements accounted for 44.62 and 67.53% of the total concentrations of elements in non-DS and DS, respectively. The elements concentrations increased in DS, with highest DS/non-DS ratios for Ca, Si, Al and Fe. This indicates that the soil originating species contributed mainly in DS particles.The enrichment factors values and non-crustal fractions in both non-DS and DS indicate that the main sources of Na, Mg, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Rb and Sr are of a crustal type, whereas S, Cl, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Pb and Cd are anthropogenic. V and Ni in DS only are emitted from anthropogenic sources. The enrichment factors of these anthropogenic elements were lower in DS. They might originate mainly from local sources in Jeddah.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol Loads during Springtime Dust Storm in Western Saudi Arabia

Alghamdi

Almazroui

Shamy

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…PM has been found to be the major component of air pollution that has the most deleterious effects on human health (Colucci et al 2006; Samet and Krewski 2007). PM exposure has been associated with premature mortality (Tagaris et al 2010), decreased birth weight (Pedersen et al 2013), and increased asthma morbidity (Delfino et al 2014). PM may be composed of a number of constituents depending on the source, including organic matter, mineral oxides, liquid droplets, soil, dust, smoke, and gaseous chemicals (Araujo and Nel 2009; Simkhovich et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matter From Saudi Arabia Induces Genes Involved in Inflammation, Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis

Brocato

Sun

Shamy

et al. 2014

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure is a major environmental health concern and is linked to metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes, which are on the rise in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study investigated changes in mouse lung gene expression produced by administration of PM10 collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. FVB/N mice were exposed to 100 µg PM10 or water by aspiration and euthanized 24 hr later. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and analyzed for neutrophil concentration and TNF-α and IL-6 levels. RNA was extracted from the lungs and whole transcript was analyzed using Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array. Mice exposed to PM10 displayed an increase in neutrophil concentration and elevated TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Gene expression analysis revealed that mice exposed to PM10 displayed 202 genes that were significantly up-regulated and 40 genes that were significantly down-regulated. PM10 induced genes involved in inflammation, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, as well as atherosclerosis. This is the first study to demonstrate that Saudi Arabia PM10 increases in vivo expression of genes located in pathways associated with diseases involving metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis.

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“…Makar et al, 2009) and ozone deposition (Engardt, 2008;Van Dingenen et al, 2009;Stella et al, 2011). The human-health impact of air pollution is one of the main drivers behind research in this field, with potentially substantial health effects resulting from climatechange-induced changes in air-quality (Sheffield et al, 2011;Chang et al, 2010;Tagaris et al, 2009Tagaris et al, , 2010Cheng et al, 2009;Jackson et al, 2010). Global financial losses due to reductions in crop yields resulting from ozone deposition are expected to reach between $1 billion to $17 billion, depending on the emissions scenario employed (Averny et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Projections of mid-century summer air-quality for North America: effects of changes in climate and precursor emissions

2012

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Abstract. Ten year simulations of North American current and future air-quality were carried out using a regional airquality model driven by a regional climate model, in turn driven by a general circulation model. Three separate summer scenarios were performed: a scenario representing the years 1997 to 2006, and two SRES A2 climate scenarios for the years 2041 to 2050. The first future climate scenario makes use of 2002 anthropogenic precursor emissions, and the second applied emissions scaling factors derived from the IPCC Representative Concentration Pathway 6 (RCP 6) scenario to estimate emissions for 2050 from existing 2020 projections. Ten-year averages of ozone and PM 2.5 at North American monitoring network stations were used to evaluate the model's current chemical climatology. The model was found to have a similar performance for ozone as when driven by an operational weather forecast model. The PM 2.5 predictions had larger negative biases, likely resulting from the absence of rainwater evaporation, and from sub-regional negative biases in the surface temperature fields, in the version of the climate model used here.The differences between the two future climate simulations and the current climate simulation were used to predict the changes to air-quality that might be expected in a future warmer climate, if anthropogenic precursor emissions remain constant at their current levels, versus if the RCP 6 emissions controls were adopted. Metrics of concentration, human health, and ecosystem damage were compared for the simulations. The scenario with future climate and current anthropogenic emissions resulted in worse air-quality than for current conditions -that is, the effect of climate-change alone, all other factors being similar, would be a worsening of air-quality. These effects are spatially inhomogeneous, with the magnitude and sign of the changes varying with region. The scenario with future climate and RCP 6 emissions for 2050 resulted in an improved air-quality, with decreases in key pollutant concentrations, in acute human mortality associated with air-pollution, and in sulphur and ozone deposition to the ecosystem. The positive outcomes of the RCP 6 emissions reductions were found to be of greater magnitude than the negative outcomes of climate change alone. The RCP 6 scenario however resulted in an increase in the deposition of nitrogen, as a result of increased ammonia emissions expected in that scenario, compared to current ammonia emissions levels.The results of the study raise the possibility that simultaneous reductions of greenhouse gases and air pollution precursors may further reduce air pollution levels, with the added benefits of an immediate reduction in the impacts of air pollution on human and ecosystem health. Further scenarios to investigate this possibility are therefore recommended.

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Sensitivity of Air Pollution-Induced Premature Mortality to Precursor Emissions under the Influence of Climate Change

Cited by 29 publications

References 35 publications

Characterization and Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol Loads during Springtime Dust Storm in Western Saudi Arabia

Characterization and Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol Loads during Springtime Dust Storm in Western Saudi Arabia

Particulate Matter From Saudi Arabia Induces Genes Involved in Inflammation, Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis

Projections of mid-century summer air-quality for North America: effects of changes in climate and precursor emissions

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