Sensitivity of Agglutinating and Vibriocidal Antibodies to 2-Mercaptoethanol in Human Cholera

Merritt, C. B.; Sack, R. Bradley

doi:10.1093/infdis/121.supplement.s25

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Of these 14 patients, 6 were lactating women from whom milk samples were also collected simultaneously. Milk was processed by centrifuging at 20,000 x g for about 30 min at 4°C. The clear middle layer (between the fat layer at the top and pellet at the bottom) was carefully withdrawn and stored frozen.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial and Antitoxin Responses in the Serum and Milk of Cholera Patients

Majumdar

Dutta

et al. 1981

Infect Immun

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Antibacterial and antitoxin responses in the acute and convalescent (7 to 10 days) sera of 14 cholera patients were determined by various serological techniques. Similar studies were also carried out with corresponding milk samples of six of these patients who were lactating women. A significant rise in antibacterial titers was observed in all convalescent serum and milk samples. A similar rise in antitoxin titers was observable in all serum and four milk samples. Specificity of the antibacterial titers was further evaluated by the indirect hemagglutination test using lipopolysaccharide antigen, and close correlations were noted between these titers and vibrio agglutination (P < 0.001) and vibriocidal (P < 0.001) titers of sera. Serum and milk convalescent cholera patients could effectively neutralize cholera toxin action in vivo, although the neutralizing activity of serum was higher than that of milk. Determination of antibody titers by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that anti-lipopolysaccharide activity in sera belonged predominantly to immunoglobulin M (IgM) and, to a lesser extent, to IgG and IgA, whereas such activity in milk was mostly contributed by secretory IgA, although some IgM antibodies also could be detected. On the other hand, antitoxic activity in convalescent sera primarily belonged to IgG, whereas such activity in milk was almost exclusively contributed by secretory IgA. These results demonstrate that an antibody response in the mammary gland was stimulated due to the antigen exposure in the gut and are consistent with the idea of a common homing pattern of immunocytes within the secretory immune system. Moreover, some differences in the antibody production mechanism between the systemic and secretory immune systems are indicated.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial and Antitoxin Responses in the Serum and Milk of Cholera Patients

Majumdar

Dutta

et al. 1981

Infect Immun

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“…IgG and IgM fix complement, whereas IgA does not. Treatment of serum with β-mercaptoethanol disrupts IgM, but leaves IgG relatively intact, and shows a major role for both IgG and IgM in vibriocidal activity of serum from cholera patients [59]. Complement components, such as C3 and C4, have been detected in the human gut and could, for instance, enhance phagocytosis, but the attack complex that mediates killing (C5 to C9) has not been observed at lytic concentrations in the gut [60,61].…”

Section: Protection After Natural V Cholerae Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrio cholerae: lessons for mucosal vaccine design

Bishop

Camilli

2011

Expert Review of Vaccines

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The ability of Vibrio cholerae to persist in bodies of water will continue to confound our ability to eradicate cholera through improvements to infrastructure, and thus cholera vaccines are needed. We aim for an inexpensive vaccine that can provide long-lasting protection from all epidemic cholera infections, currently caused by O1 or O139 serogroups. Recent insights into correlates of protection, epidemiology and pathogenesis may help us design improved vaccines. This notwithstanding, we have come to appreciate that even marginally protective vaccines, such as oral whole-cell killed vaccines, if widely distributed, can provide significant protection, owing to herd immunity. Further efforts are still required to provide more effective protection of young children. Keywords cholera; classical; El Tor; IgA; protection; vaccine; Vibrio cholerae; vibriocidal Cholera prevention by vaccinationCholera is mainly a fecal-orally transmitted disease and humans are the only known natural veterbrate host. Cholera has been endemic in southern Asia since recorded history. Cholera has spread globally in seven pandemic waves since 1817, of which the current one began in 1961. In 2008, the WHO reported 190,130 cholera cases worldwide, associated with 5143 deaths (98% in Africa), but cholera is globally under-reported and the true disease burden is estimated to be in the millions [1,2]. In countries such as Bangladesh, cholera is endemic and both the rural and urban population is afflicated with biannual outbreaks [3]. In addition to endemic outbreaks, sporadic outbreaks can occur whenever sanitation and clean water provisions are lacking, such as occurred in Zimbabwe in [2008][2009] following the collapse of infrastructure [2].A lack of good animal models for immunization and challenge has hampered the study of cholera vaccines. For example, adult mice are refractory to acute cholera, but infant mice up to 1 week of age are permissive for intestinal colonization [4]. Therefore, passive protection models have been developed, either using immunization of adult female mice and challenge of their pups, which are protected by sucking, or mixing antibodies with Vibrio cholerae in © 2011 Expert Reviews Ltd † Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 617 636 2144, Fax: +1 617 636 2175, andrew.camilli@tufts.edu. Financial & competing interests disclosureThe authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptExpert Rev Vaccines. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 November 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript vitro prior to infection [5,6]. Despite the limitations of preclinical models, a number of cholera vaccines have been developed (discussed in detail later).Since 1999, the WHO has advocated the use of oral cholera vac...

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“…CT variant 1 (CT-1), lot 582, was from Pasteur-Mérieux Institute, Lyon, France, purified from V. cholerae 569B, biotype classical, serotype Inaba. CT variant 2 (CT-2) was prepared by Richard Finkelstein from V. cholerae 3038, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa (21). Both CT-1 and CT-2 were passed through a 5-by 90-cm column of Sephadex G-25 in pyrogen-free saline; the void volume fractions were concentrated and sterile filtered.…”

Section: Study Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase 1 Evaluation ofVibrio choleraeO1, Serotype Inaba, Polysaccharide-Cholera Toxin Conjugates in Adult Volunteers

et al. 1998

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Conjugate vaccines were prepared by binding hydrazine-treated lipopolysaccharide (DeALPS) from Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Inaba, to cholera toxin (CT) variants CT-1 and CT-2. Volunteers (n ‫؍‬ 75) were injected with either 25 g of DeALPS, alone or as a conjugate, or the licensed cellular vaccine containing 4 ؋ 10 9 organisms each of serotypes Inaba and Ogawa per ml. No serious adverse reactions were observed. mean titer (1,249), followed by DeALPS-CT-2 (588) and DeALPS-CT-1 (330). The correlation coefficient between IgG anti-LPS and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)-resistant vibriocidal antibodies was 0.81 (P ‫؍‬ 0.0004). Convalescent sera from cholera patients had a mean vibriocidal titer of 2,525 that was removed by treatment with 2-ME. The vibriocidal activities of sera from all vaccine groups and from the patients were absorbed (>75%) by LPS but not by either CT-1 or CT-2. Conjugate-induced IgG vibriocidal antibodies persisted longer than those elicited by the whole-cell vaccine. Both conjugates, but not the cellular vaccine, elicited IgG anti-CT. DeALPS alone did not elicit serum LPS or vibriocidal antibodies in mice and only low levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-LPS in the volunteers. Recipients of the cellular vaccine had the highest IgM anti-LPS levels, but the difference was not statistically significant from that elicited by the conjugates. The conjugates elicited the highest levels of IgG anti-LPS (DeALPS-CT-2 > DeALPS-CT-1 > cellular vaccine). Both conjugates and the cellular vaccine elicited vibriocidal antibodies: after 8 months, recipients of cellular vaccine had the highest geometric

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Sensitivity of Agglutinating and Vibriocidal Antibodies to 2-Mercaptoethanol in Human Cholera

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Antibacterial and Antitoxin Responses in the Serum and Milk of Cholera Patients

Antibacterial and Antitoxin Responses in the Serum and Milk of Cholera Patients

Vibrio cholerae: lessons for mucosal vaccine design

Phase 1 Evaluation ofVibrio choleraeO1, Serotype Inaba, Polysaccharide-Cholera Toxin Conjugates in Adult Volunteers

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