Sensitivity analysis of a theoretical energy balance model for water temperatures is small streams

Crittenden, Robert N.

doi:10.1016/0304-3800(78)90021-2

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These models can accommodate anticipated changes in the energy balance driven by changing environmental conditions (TVA, 1972;Crittenden, 1978;Sinokrot and Stefan, 1993;LeBlanc et al, 1997). Because they preserve individual heat flux terms, tracking the impacts of relatively complex environmental scenarios is possible (Bartholow, 2000a;Borman and Larson, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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A Reduced Parameter Stream Temperature Model (RPSTM) for basin-wide simulations

Cheng

Wiley

2016

Environmental Modelling & Software

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As a result, comprehensive parameterization schemes make many widely used temperature models hard to apply to large river networks, multiple locales, or regional-scale systems (Edinger et al, 1974;Crittenden, 1978). In addition, most existing heat balance models use steady state solutions to simplify their calculations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Reduced Parameter Stream Temperature Model (RPSTM) for basin-wide simulations

Cheng

Wiley

2016

Environmental Modelling & Software

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“…5B). Quality of habitat for fishes, in particular salmonids, tends to decline as width to depth ratio increases (Brown 1969, Crittenden 1978, Beschta et al 1987, Walling and Webb 1992.…”

Section: Channel Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research/Evaluate Restoration of NE Oregon Streams: Effects of Livestock Exclosures (Corridor Fencing) on Riparian Vegetation, Stream Geomorphic Features and Fish Populations; Final Report 2002.

Kauffman¹

2002

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(Cover and this Figure are the Middle Fork John Day River at Phipps meadow in grazed (cover) and exclosed reaches (above). SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS OF RESEARCHCorridor fencing to exclude livestock grazing along Interior Columbia Basin streams is a widely used approach to restore salmonids and their habitats. Yet few studies have quantified the ecosystem response to this treatment. Vegetation, geomorphic features, and fish populations were sampled in 11 riparian/stream ecosystems in Northeast Oregon. At each stream we sampled two paired reaches -a reach grazed by livestock and one exclosed by fencing. The following are the highlights of this study. Vegetation• We found significant differences in the cover, composition and structure of vegetation in all grazed/exclosed reaches. In the majority of exclosed reaches there were increases in the cover of forbs, shrubs, and sedges. Exposed bare ground was more extensive in grazed reaches.• Wetland indicator scores, based upon streamside vegetation composition, indicate that cessation of livestock grazing results in a shift to more mesic wetland riparian vegetation. 3• Species adapted to herbivory and drier environments were more abundant in grazed riparian areas.• Plant species diversity and richness were higher in exclosed stream reaches.• Composition of shrubs varied between streams. In 88% of the streams where exclosures were over 5 years old, the cover of riparian obligate shrubs (e.g., willows, alder, etc.) was greater in exclosures, with the greatest differences in exclosures over 20 years old Geomorphology• Considering all sites together, livestock exclusion resulted in statistically significant improvements in channel geomorphology. The channels in the exclosed reaches are narrower, deeper, and have more pool area than the channels in the grazed reaches.• At the level of individual sites, in most cases the exclosed reach was clearly narrower, deeper and had more pool area than the grazed reach at the same site.• We did not detect any differences between fenced and grazed reaches in maximum pool depth or residual pool depth.• Geomorphic response to livestock exclusion appears to be influenced by multiple factors, including age, vegetation cover, hydraulic conditions, and site geomorphology. Younger exclosures show less vegetation difference with the paired grazed reach and are less likely to show geomorphic adjustment. Other conditions, such as stream power, channel constraint and sediment supply may also limit the effectiveness of restoration projects. Fish• Densities of young-of-the-year redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were significantly greater in exclosed reaches compared to grazed reaches. Moreover, the effects of fencing were negatively associated with the dominant warmwater fishes, redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus) and speckled dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), which are relatively uncommon in the best trout habitats.• Conversely, we could not detect significant differences in densities of combined juvenile and adult life stages of salmonids between e...

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“…Second, there is more riparian vegetation and associated overhanging banks and instream vegetation that favor age-0 trout (Moore and Gregory 1988). These changes are associated with a decrease in the width : depth ratio (Table 2), which is strongly associated with quality of habitat for fishes, particularly salmonids (Brown 1969;Crittenden 1978;Walling and 1992). Third, there are more extensive feeding opportunities from invertebrate production in vegetated, overhanging banks (Rhodes and Hubert 1991), and greater terrestrial invertebrate drift is therefore present (Edwards and Huryn 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stream Fish Responses to Grazing Exclosures

Bayley

2008

N American J Fish Manag

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Eight paired reaches of northeastern Oregon streams were selected such that one reach was an established livestock exclosure and a neighboring, geomorphologically similar reach was open to grazing. Exclosures varied in length from 123 to 436 m. Teams of snorkelers recorded fish species and size-groups in the exclosure and grazed reaches simultaneously so that diurnal changes in fish behavior did not confound results. Observed densities of age-0 redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in pools, corrected for snorkeler range of vision, were significantly different (P , 10 À9 ), increasing by an average of 2.5-fold in exclosed reaches. Conversely, warmwater fishes (dominated by speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus) were negatively related to exclosures (P , 0.001). Densities of age-0 warmwater fish and age-0 O. mykiss were uncorrelated (P ¼ 0.18). No first-order interactions existed among exclosure-control treatment, stream, and pool temperature variables in either age-0 analysis. Combined juvenile and adult O. mykiss results indicated significant interactions between several streams and temperature and only a marginal effect (P ¼ 0.05) of exclosure. No significant exclosure effect existed on combined juvenile and adult warmwater fish (P . 0.90). The greater density of age-0 O. mykiss in exclosures was attributed to the potential food supply and cover due to increases in undercut banks, instream bank vegetation, width : depth ratio, and several riparian vegetation variables. Bioenergetic and scale arguments are presented that are consistent with the failure to detect a parallel effect with juvenile and adult O. mykiss. A marginally significant (P ¼ 0.04) mean drop in pool water temperature of 0.78C in exclosures was observed, but continual temperature monitoring indicated no significant difference (P . 0.50) between reaches in 7-d means of daily maxima or minima. These results are promising with respect to improvement of salmonid habitat through prevention of grazing, but the exclosures are too small and infrequent to be effective at the population or basin-wide level.

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Sensitivity analysis of a theoretical energy balance model for water temperatures is small streams

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

A Reduced Parameter Stream Temperature Model (RPSTM) for basin-wide simulations

A Reduced Parameter Stream Temperature Model (RPSTM) for basin-wide simulations

Research/Evaluate Restoration of NE Oregon Streams: Effects of Livestock Exclosures (Corridor Fencing) on Riparian Vegetation, Stream Geomorphic Features and Fish Populations; Final Report 2002.

Stream Fish Responses to Grazing Exclosures

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