Sensitive Method for the Identification of Potential Sensitizing Impurities in Reaction Mixtures by Fluorescent Nitrobenzoxadiazole-Labeled Glutathione

Abstract

Allergic contact dermatitis is a critical issue in the development of new chemicals. Minor impurities with strong skin-sensitizing properties can be generated as byproducts. However, it is very difficult to identify these skin sensitizers in product mixtures. In this study, fluorescent nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled glutathione (NBD-GSH) was synthesized to identify small amounts of skin sensitizers in reaction mixtures. Twelve known skin sensitizers and three nonsensitizers were reacted with NBD-GSH. Adducts formed only with the skin sensitizers, which allowed for their detection by a fluorescence detector. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses showed that NBD-GSH reacted with the skin sensitizers via its thiol and amino groups. An adduct of NBD-GSH with the strong skin sensitizer 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was detected with a limit of detection of 6 × 10–8 mol/L by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. When a reaction mixture from primary alcohol oxidation was incubated with NBD-GSH, a NBD-GSH adduct formed with skin-sensitizing aldehyde impurities and could be specifically detected by LC-MS with fluorescence detection. This method will be useful for detection and identification of small amounts of skin sensitizers in raw materials, intermediates, reaction mixtures, and end products in the chemical industry.

Mitochondrial Glutathione in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Disease Manifestation

“…Furthermore, the accumulation of lactic acid inhibits glucose uptake and glycolysis, leading to cellular ATP depletion and the inhibition of GSH synthesis [48]. In healthy adults, plasma GSH concentrations are 2-5 μM, while GSSG concentrations are 0.14 μM [49,50]. The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for the absorption of plasma GSH.…”