Sensitive Low-Light-Level Microspectrophotometer: Detection of Photosensitive Pigments of Retinal Cones

Liebman, Paul A.; Entine, G.

doi:10.1364/josa.54.001451

Cited by 184 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…We have not found a red pigment with maximum at 620 nm where Marks (1963Marks ( , 1965 and Liebmann & Entine (1964) have measured one by microspectro-photometry, but we have found one at 680 nm where they have not detected any pigment. The obvious suspicion is that our pigment and theirs is the same, but somehow we have got the wave-length wrong.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

“…The Principle of Univariance may be stated as follows: Each visual pigment can only signal the rate at which it is effectively catching quanta; it cannot also signal the wave-length associated with the quanta caught. Now Marks (1963, 1965 and Liebmann & Entine (1964) have succeeded in measuring the visual pigments in the outer segments of the cones of goldfish (which are closely related to the tench we use). They have found that each cone contains only one kind of visual pigment, and that there are three types of cone absorbing in the blue, green and red.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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S‐potentials from colour units in the retina of fish (Cyprinidae)

Naka¹,

Rushton²

1966

The Journal of Physiology

770

423

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3. By superposing spectral flashes upon steady adapting lights it is possible to find a spectral range in which only one kind of cone is effective. In this range the effect of any spectral light may be matched with that of any other provided the energies are linked in a fixed ratio that defines the action spectrum of the pigment.4. The green pigment has an action spectrum with maximum at 540 nm and corresponds well with the pigment that Marks measured in 'green' cones. The blue pigment has not been measured, but it probably corresponds with that found by Marks in 'blue' cones. However, the red pigment whose action spectrum we measured had its maximum at 680 nm, whereas the difference spectrum of Marks's red cone pigment peaked at 620 nm. The 620 nm cones excite the luminosity S-units but not the R/I units.5. In the range where only one type of cone is effective the relation between the light intensity, Io, and V0, the S-potential generated (both expressed in suitable units), is given by equation (1) p. 545. It is the relation that would be found if cone signals increased the conductance through a polarized 'S-membrane' in proportion to the flux of caught quanta.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

S‐potentials from colour units in the retina of fish (Cyprinidae)

Naka¹,

Rushton²

1966

The Journal of Physiology

770

423

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The microspectrophotometer is of dual-beam design and is similar in most respects to that previously described by Liebman & Entine (1964) and by Liebman (1972). At the start of each session, the measurement and reference beams were usually adjusted to be 2 x 1 gim, but both 331 were continuously variable and could be further adjusted equally as desired.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The visual pigments of rods and cones in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta.

Bowmaker¹,

Dartnall²,

Lythgoe³

et al. 1978

The Journal of Physiology

108

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SUMMARY1. New microspectrophotometric measurements have been made of the photopigments of individual rods and cones from the retina of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The measuring beam was passed transversely through isolated outer segments.2. The transverse absorbance for rods ranged from 0-02 to 0'04 and that for cones from 0.01 to 0'03.3. The mean absorbance spectrum for rods (n = 25) had a peak at 502 + 2*7 nm. A digitonin extract from the same group of eyes gave a Amax. of 499 + 1 nm.4. Of a sample of 82 cones, 40 were 'red' (P565 nm) and 42 were 'green' (P536 nm). The mean absorbance spectrum for the green cones is very similar to the Dartnall nomogram, but that for the red cones is narrower.5. No bleachable, blue-sensitive outer segments were recorded, although structures were found that absorbed at short wave-lengths and were neither photosensitive nor dichroic. 6. If the long wave-length and middle wave-length cone pigments of the rhesus monkey are assumed to be identical to those of man and if additional assumptions are made about the lengths of human outer segments and about prereceptoral absorption, it is possible to derive psychophysical sensitivities that closely resemble the 7rT and i4 mechanisms of W. S. Stiles.

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“…Retinal tissue samples were prepared for MSP under dim red light or infrared light using methods reported previously (Knott et al, 2010). Spectral analysis was undertaken on two computer-controlled MSP systems (Liebman and Entine, 1964;Bowmaker et al, 1997): (1) a modified Liebman dual beam (UCL Institute of Ophthalmology) and (2) a single-beam device (Deakin University). Measuring beams were aligned to pass transversely through the photoreceptor outer segment and run in 2 nm intervals from 750 to 350 nm, then back from 351 to 749 nm.…”

Section: Msp Of Four Visual Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How parrots see their colours: novelty in the visual pigments ofPlatycercus elegans

Knott

Davies

Carvalho

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYIntraspecific differences in retinal physiology have been demonstrated in several vertebrate taxa and are often subject to adaptive evolution. Nonetheless, such differences are currently unknown in birds, despite variations in habitat, behaviour and visual stimuli that might influence spectral sensitivity. The parrot Platycercus elegans is a species complex with extreme plumage colour differences between (and sometimes within) subspecies, making it an ideal candidate for intraspecific differences in spectral sensitivity. Here, the visual pigments of P. elegans were fully characterised through molecular sequencing of five visual opsin genes and measurement of their absorbance spectra using microspectrophotometry. Three of the genes, LWS, SW1 and SWS2, encode for proteins similar to those found in other birds; however, both the RH1 and RH2 pigments had polypeptides with carboxyl termini of different lengths and unusual properties that are unknown previously for any vertebrate visual pigment. Specifically, multiple RH2 transcripts and protein variants (short, medium and long) were identified for the first time that are generated by alternative splicing of downstream coding and non-coding exons. Our work provides the first complete characterisation of the visual pigments of a parrot, perhaps the most colourful order of birds, and moreover suggests more variability in avian eyes than hitherto considered. Supplementary material available online at

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Sensitive Low-Light-Level Microspectrophotometer: Detection of Photosensitive Pigments of Retinal Cones

Cited by 184 publications

References 6 publications

S‐potentials from colour units in the retina of fish (Cyprinidae)

S‐potentials from colour units in the retina of fish (Cyprinidae)

The visual pigments of rods and cones in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta.

How parrots see their colours: novelty in the visual pigments ofPlatycercus elegans

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