Baseline levels of dopamine and 5-HT in the striatum were 16.5±7.7 and 3.5±1.7 nM (mean ± standard deviation), respectively. After a single administration of MDMA (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a dramatic increase in extracellular dopamine (C max : 36.1-fold vs. baseline) and 5-HT levels (C max : 9.3-fold vs. baseline) was observed. When rats were co-administered with methamphetamine (1, 5 or 10 mg/kg) with MDMA, the dopamine levels induced by MDMA increased in a methamphetamine-dose-dependent manner (C max : 2.5-, 3.5-, and 3.8-fold vs. MDMA). A similar trend was observed in 5-HT levels (C max : 1.1-, 1.3-, and 1.8-fold vs. MDMA). In contrast, ketamine and caffeine showed synergistic effects on the monoamine levels induced by MDMA, whereas the individual administration of either of these compounds did not affect monoamine levels. Ketamine (1, 5 mg/kg) decreased the dopamine levels induced by MDMA (C max : 0.9-and 0.7-fold vs. MDMA) and increased the 5-HT levels induced by MDMA (C max : 1.4-and 1.6-fold vs. MDMA), and co-administration of caffeine (20 2 mg/kg) with MDMA increased dopamine levels (C max : 1.7-fold vs. MDMA). These results suggest that exposure to multiple drugs in addition to MDMA can have neurotoxic effects. 249 words