Sensitive electrochemical sensor based on nickel/PDDA/reduced graphene oxide modified screen-printed carbon electrode for nitrite detection

Abstract

A highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for detection of nitrite based on nickel, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE).

Nitrite anodic oxidation at Ni(ii)/Ni(iii)-decorated mesoporous SnO2 and its analytical applications

“…Compared to other Ni-based electrodes, such a detection limit appears to be rather disadvantageous since values of 0.9 μM and 1.99 μM were reported for nitrite determination at nickel phtalocyanine polymer modified electrodes 46 and Ni/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/reduced graphene oxide 42 electrodes within the concentration ranges of 2.5 μM–1 mM and 6–100 μM, respectively.…”

“…It should be mentioned that the enhancement of the oxidation current at Ni/SnO 2 –BP electrodes might be, at least in part, also the result of the presence of Ni( ii )/Ni( iii ) species. Thus, it was previously conjectured that, in neutral media, this redox couple might act as an electrocatalyst for nitrite anodic oxidation, by a mechanism in which Ni( iii ) oxidizes nitrogen dioxide to nitrate and the resulting Ni( ii ) species are electro-oxidized back to Ni( iii ): 41,42 NO 2 − → NO 2 + e − Ni 3+ + NO 2 + H 2 O → Ni 2+ + NO 3 − + 2H + Ni 2+ → Ni 3+ + e − …”

“…Because of the relatively significant background current (generated by the large specific surface area of the Ni/SnO 2 -BP composite), the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) approach yielded a somewhat high detection limit (30.5 μM for S/N = 3), although its value is still below the maximum contaminant level for nitrite of 3 ppm (65 μM) currently accepted by the World Health Organization. 45 Compared to other Ni-based electrodes, such a detection limit appears to be rather disadvantageous since values of 0.9 μM and 1.99 μM were reported for nitrite determination at nickel phtalocyanine polymer modified electrodes 46 and Ni/ poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/reduced graphene oxide 42 electrodes within the concentration ranges of 2.5 μM-1 mM and 6-100 μM, respectively.…”

Zirconium Phosphate-Incorporated Polyaniline–Graphene Oxide Composite Modified Electrodes for Effective and Selective Detection of Nitrite

“…The respective surface concentration of electroactive species and surface coverages of the reformed electrode were further calculated using the Brown−Anson equation with the help of the calculated effective electrode surface areas. 39 The sensor efficacy in sensing investigations has been observed to be significantly influenced by the surface coverage of the modified electrodes. 40…”

Highly Sensitive Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Nitrite Assay in Waters

“…Among these, due to its rapidity, sensibility and low costs, the electrochemical aproach has become one of the most popular and extensively used analytical tools [26]. To create electrochemical sensors with increased sensitivity and accuracy for nitrite detection, different nanomaterials have been embedded on electrode surfaces: nickel/PDDA/reduced graphene oxide [27], Ag-Fe 3 O 4 -graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites [28], Fe 3 O 4 -reduced graphene oxide composite [29], metalorganic framework derived rod-like Co@carbon [30], La-based perovskite-type lanthanum aluminate nanorod-incorporated graphene oxide nanosheets [31], cobalt oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes [32], gold-copper nanochain network [33], carbon nanotube (CNTs), chitosan and iron (II) phtalocyanine (C 32 H 16 FeN 8 ) composite [34]; gold nanoparticles/chitosan/MXenes nanocomposite [35], worm-like gold nanowires and assembled carbon nanofibers-CVD graphene hybrid [36]; photochemically-made gold nanoparticles [37], or graphene nanoparticles [38]. Among these, the special properties of graphene are unequivocal and long-time recognized [39], justifying their extensive applicability and usage in sensors technology [40,41].…”