Sensitive determination of cadmium in lake water, municipal wastewater and onion samples by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration with microextraction strategy

Comparison Studies on Several Ligands Used in Determination of Cd(II) in Rice by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction

“…At present, the trace amounts of cadmium is mainly analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) [ 2 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) [ 24 ], and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Compared with costly analysis technique, such as ICP-OES and ICPMS, FAAS is a conventional technique that has been widely applied in metals analysis because it is a less expensive and simpler alternative technique [ 29 , 30 ].…”

“…Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) is an attractive method that has been used widely in the field of sample preparation since its innovation in 2006 [ 31 , 32 ]. The conventional and modified DLLME methods have been successfully applied to determine the trace amounts of cadmium in various matrices [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Generally, the pre-concentration of cadmium ions requires suitable complexing agents to form metal complexes and obtain high partition coefficients of cadmium between the aqueous phase and organic extraction solvents.…”

“…The use of complexing agents that selectively react with cadmium and subsequent extraction of the obtained metal complex has been widely applied in analysis. For instance, cadmium has been complexed with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) [ 2 ], 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-p cresol (TAC) [ 10 ], ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(APDC) [ 12 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 25 ], 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) [ 13 , 27 ], 4,4-dimethyl2,2-bipyridine [ 15 ], diphenylcarbazone [ 16 ], sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) [ 17 , 23 , 25 ], 1,3-dihydroxybenzene [ 18 ], L-Cysteine [ 19 ], tricaprylmethylammonium chloride(Aliquat ® 336) [ 26 ], sodium O,O-diethyl dithiophosphate (DEDTP) [ 33 ], N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (BSE) [ 34 ], the obtained cadmium complexes extracted by ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction with the solidification of floating organic droplet [ 10 ], supramolecular solvent based liquid–liquid microextraction [ 12 ], solidified floating organic drop microextraction [ 13 ], vortex-assisted room temperature ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction [ 12 , 18 ], green solvent-based ultrasonic assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction [ 19 ], switchable hydrophilicity solvent based liquid phase microextraction [ 20 ], ultrasound-assisted magnetic retrieval-linked ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction [ 22 ], lab-in-syringe magnetic stirring-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction [ 24 ], liquid phase microextraction [ 28 ], co-precipitation method [ 33 ], magnetic solid-phase extraction [ 34 ], and DLLME [ 2 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 23 , 25 ...…”

“…The presence of an appropriate complexing agent for extraction of Cd(II) is necessary in the mentioned DLLMEs [ 2 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], however, there are rare discussions about the effect of different kinds of ligand in DLLMEs. Most previous researchers demonstrated that the types of extraction solvent and disperser solvent were important in the DLLMEs technique.…”

Magnetic Fe3O4@Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide adsorbent for preconcentration of trace metals in water matrices

“…Numerous analytical methodologies have been used for the quantification of trace elements in water systems. These include flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) 6 , atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) 7 , inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 8 , 9 electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) 10 , electrochemical methods, and ICP-OES. Among the aforementioned techniques, ICP-OES is one of the most widely used detection method 11 .…”