Sensitive detection of heavy metals ions based on the calixarene derivatives-modified piezoelectric resonators: a review

Calix[4]Resorcinarene Macrocycles Interactions with Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ Cations: A QCM‐I and Langmuir Ultra‐thin Monolayers Study

“…One of the vital menaces affecting together the human health and the ecosystem, is the so called "Heavy metals (HM) ions toxicity", the (HM) exposure or release can be of both natural and artificial origins (e. g. industrial productions, medical treatments…etc.) [1]. However, some of the metals ions (Cu, Zn, etc.)…”

“…Those methods are extremely sensitive and selective, but are expensive, time-consuming, and requiring expert skills. Non-conventional detection methods, known as sensors technology, are offering great alternatives to the traditional methods, in terms of ease of use, operating time, cost effectiveness and being excellently sensitive and selective [1][2][3].…”

“…Macrocycles sensing networks have a subtype manifests in calixarenes and calixresorcinarenes, which are considered as third-generation macrocyclic compounds after crown-ethers and cyclodextrines. Due to their amphiphilic and host-guest properties towards cations, anions, and neutral molecules, they were immensely employed in sensing and recognition applications [1,25].…”

Application of the Langmuir Technique to Study the Response of C-dec-9-en-1-ylcalix[4]resorcinarene and C-undecylcalix[4]resorcinarene Ultra-thin Films' Interactions with Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ Cations Present in the Subphase

“…Heavy metal (HM) ion poisoning is a vital threat to the environment, affecting hazards ranging from environmental pollution to human toxicity. HM ion toxic exposure occurs by means of environmental contaminations, medical treatments, industrial production, and accidents (Eddaif et al 2019a). The low atomic mass metals (Cu and Zn) frequently play important roles in cell physiology, thus are required for the human body.…”

“…The low atomic mass metals (Cu and Zn) frequently play important roles in cell physiology, thus are required for the human body. HM such as Pb, Hg, and/or Cd forms stable coordination complexes with thiol groups, leading to important biological perturbations including DNA alterations, biotransformations, renal, cerebral, or even liver poisoning, accordingly; as a result, the necessity of special early detection and monitoring techniques is of enormous importance in environmental analysis (Eddaif et al 2019a). Currently, a variety of metal ion detection methods are employed including conventional (ICP-MS, AAS, or ICP-OES) and non-conventional (ion selective electrodes, chemical sensors…etc.…”