Sensitive Detection of Dengue Virus Type 2 E-Proteins Signals Using Self-Assembled Monolayers/Reduced Graphene Oxide-PAMAM Dendrimer Thin Film-SPR Optical Sensor

Abstract

In this work, sensitive detection of dengue virus type 2 E-proteins (DENV-2 E-proteins) was performed in the range of 0.08 pM to 0.5 pM. The successful DENV detection at very low concentration is a matter of concern for targeting the early detection after the onset of dengue symptoms. Here, we developed a SPR sensor based on self-assembled monolayer/reduced graphene oxide-polyamidoamine dendrimer (SAM/NH 2 rGO/PAMAM) thin film to detect DENV-2 E-proteins. Surface characterizations involving X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the incorporation of NH 2 rGO-PAMAM nanoparticles in the prepared sensor films. The specificity, sensitivity, binding affinity, and selectivity of the SPR sensor were then evaluated. Results indicated that the variation of the sensing layer due to different spin speed, time incubation, and concentration provided a better interaction between the analyte and sensing layer. The linear dependence of the SPR sensor showed good linearity (R 2 = 0.92) with the lowest detection of 0.08 pM DENV-2 E-proteins. By using the Langmuir model, the equilibrium association constant was obtained at very high value of 6.6844 TM −1 (R 2 = 0.99). High selectivity of the SPR sensor towards DENV-2 E-proteins was achieved in the presence of other competitors. Dengue virus (DENV) is the most common arthropod-borne viral disease that poses a serious global problem. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the dengue virus is the leading cause of death of 22 000, annually. As of today, the need for hospitalization and medical treatment are constantly dense due to the fact that 390 million people in the world are still infected with DENV 1. Its four distinct serotypes (DENV-1. DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) are capable of causing a range of clinical symptoms ranging from mild fevers to the severe dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and be potentially life-threatening 2-10. Despite its large burden to human health, no effective vaccine and antiviral therapy are available for the virus 11,12. Early treatment for DENV is only by maintaining the body fluid of the patient, as it is critical in fighting the severe symptoms of DENV 13,14. Hence, an early, rapid, and accurate diagnosis at the onset of infection is the demand of the day in the most epidemic settings. Present discoveries in dengue diagnostics that can help in the early diagnosis are targeting the host-virus itself. DENV consists of a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that encodes 10 different types of proteins. Seven of

Human virus detection with graphene-based materials

“…An SPR sensor can also incorporate graphene-based materials, such as GO, for the detection of various forms of nucleic acids. Such devices rely on monitoring the change in plasmonic signal upon an antibody–antigen affinity reaction in real-time ( Omar et al, 2020a , Omar et al, 2020b ; Wong et al, 2016 ). Mahdi et al deposited a thin film on glass slides containing a layer of gold, a layer of a composite of CdS quantum dots with amino-functionalized GO, and a layer of IgM immobilized via EDC-NHS (Au/CdS–NH 2 GO/EDC-NHS/IgM).…”

Biosensor and molecular-based methods for the detection of human coronaviruses: A review

“…Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is generated during optical illumination of a metal surface and is widely used to monitor binding events between two molecules. Traditional SPR-based diagnostic platforms have several advantages; high-throughput, sensitive, label-free, economical, easy-to-use, and real-time monitoring capabilities [ 49 , 84 ]. Recently SPR sensor was successfully developed for the detection of several viral pathogens including Dengue, Ebola, and Zika [ 85 ] and the detection limit for Dengue was 0.08 pM of Dengue Protein (DENV-2 E-proteins) suggesting SPR's utility as a sensitive detection platform for viruses.…”

The Principle of Nanomaterials Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors and Its Potential for Dopamine Detection

“…It was demonstrated that SPR sensor has the ability to detect pregnancy associated plasma protein A2, which is a metalloproteinase that plays multiple roles in fetal development and postnatal growth [35]. Several studies were reported on using SPR sensor as a new strategy to detect influenza nucleoprotein [36], avian influenza A H7N9 virus [37], maize chlorotic mottle virus [38], herpes simplex virus (HSV) [39], cancer cell line (HeLa cells) with biomarker Rhodamine 6G related to cancer tumors [40], nonstructural protein 1 of Zika virus [41], non-human pathogen feline calicivirus (FCV) [42], and dengue virus (DENV) [43][44][45][46].…”