Sensitive Assays for Viral Antibodies in Saliva: An Alternative to Tests on Serum

Parry, John; Perry, K.R.; Mortimer, P P

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92737-1

Cited by 256 publications

(169 citation statements)

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“…This assay was developed in the United Kingdom more than a decade ago and has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for detecting immunity from naturally acquired infection. 11,12 Its properties are suitable for use in nonclinical settings, and it has been used in other field studies to identify immune potential control subjects. 24,25 Inclusion of a small number of immune children with false-negative results on the salivary assay would be unlikely to affect substantially our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For determining the immune status of potential control subjects, saliva specimens were collected by trained study personnel and were tested for anti-HAV IgG at the London Public Health Laboratory Service Virus Reference Laboratory according to procedures described. 11,12 Children who tested positive for anti-HAV IgG were excluded. Potential control subjects were also excluded when they had a history of hepatitis A vaccination, a previous or recent illness with jaundice, or contact with a known case of hepatitis A during the exposure period or the preceding 2 months.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis A in Hispanic Children Who Live Along the United States–Mexico Border: The Role of International Travel and Food-Borne Exposures

et al. 2004

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Methods. In this case-control study, hepatitis A cases among Hispanic children who were younger than 18 years reported from June 1998 through August 2000 were matched by age group and exposure period to Hispanic children who were susceptible to HAV infection. Participants and their families were interviewed about demographic information and potential sources of HAV infection, including attending child care, food and waterborne exposures, cross-border and other international travel, and travel-related activities.Results. Participants included 132 children with hepatitis A and 354 control subjects. The median age of study participants was 7 years (range: 1-17 D espite declining rates in the United States, hepatitis A is one of the most frequently reported vaccine-preventable diseases, surpassing rubella, pertussis, and measles. In 1997, Ͼ30 000 people, including 11 000 children younger than 18 years, were reported with acute hepatitis A. 1 After these data were adjusted for anicteric infection and underreporting, an estimated 246 000 children were infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV) in 1997 2 (unpublished data, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]). Hispanic children have among the highest rates of hepatitis A. In 1997, the rate among Hispanic children was 46.7 cases per 100 000, Ͼ10 times the rate among non-Hispanic white and black children. 1 In the United States, the Hispanic population is now the largest minority group, representing 13.3% of the population. 3 The 2000-mile United StatesMexico border is one of the world's busiest international boundaries, with an estimated 320 million legal northbound border crossings annually. 4 The US and Mexico border areas have a combined population of Ͼ11 million people, many of whom cross the border frequently in both directions to visit family and friends, shop, work, attend school, or seek medical care. 5 From 1990 to 1997, the incidence rate of hepatitis A in US border counties was Ͼ3 times higher than in nonborder US states. 6 In 1997, Hispanics represented 25% of the San Diego County population; however, they accounted for 37% of the reported cases of hepatitis A. From 1990 through 1997, an average of 105 cases of hepatitis A occurred annually among Hispanic children younger than 18 years in San Diego County. The rate of hepatitis A among Hispanic children ranged from 37 to 62 cases per 100 000 (average annual rate: 48 cases per 100 000), Ͼ3 times the national average for children (14 cases per 100 000) and 4 times the rate of Hispanic adults and non-Hispanic white and black children who live in San Diego (unpublished data, CDC).In seroprevalence surveys conducted in rural border areas and colonias, unincorporated border communities, hepatitis A has been associated with limited sanitary infrastructure and crowded living e68PEDIATRICS Vol. conditions. 7-9 In contrast, San Diego County is primarily an urban border area with basic sanitary infrastructure available to most residents; risk factors for hepatitis A in communities such as San Diego have not be...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A in Hispanic Children Who Live Along the United States–Mexico Border: The Role of International Travel and Food-Borne Exposures

et al. 2004

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“…In one outbreak reviewed here the collection of salivary samples from very young children proved to be a speedy and straightforward exercise which gave valuable information on antibody status in the risk groups concerned. The information gained from 16 HY' 10.5 431 432 C. JOSEPH AND OTHERS salivary testing, if it were to become a routine procedure in outbreaks, should form the basis for control measures and identifying the extent of the outbreak and the degree of secondary spread, as well as preventing the unnecessary administration of immunoglobulin to those found to be immune to infection [10,11]. It should result in a more discerning use of immunoglobulin in future outbreaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one outbreak in 1988 salivary antibody testing for evidence of immunity to hepatitis A was used, as described by Parry and Mortimer [10,11]. Eight per cent (12/156) of children in the infant school, 46% (5/11) in the junior school, 46% (6/13) of staff and 50% (12/24) of family contacts were found to be immune.…”

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confidence: 99%

A review of outbreaks of infectious disease in schools in England and Wales 1979–88

Joseph¹,

Noah

White³

et al. 1990

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYIn this review of 66 outbreaks of infectious disease in schools in England and Wales between 1979–88, 27 were reported from independent and 39 from maintained schools. Altogether, over 8000 children and nearly 500 adults were affected. Most of the outbreaks investigated were due to gastrointestinal infections which affected about 5000 children; respiratory infections affected a further 2000 children. Fifty-two children and seven adults were admitted to hospital and one child with measles died. Vaccination policies and use of immunoglobulin for control and prevention of outbreaks in schools have been discussed.

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“…the introduction of the MMR vaccine) it is important to plan for immediate and continued serological surveillance. The development of tests for antibodies to viral and bacterial antigens in human saliva would greatly facilitate sampling in the general population (Parry, Perry & Mortimer, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of mathematical models in the epidemiological study of infectious diseases and in the design of mass immunization programmes

1988

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Community-based immunization is the primary method available today by which to reduce the scale of morbidity, and, in certain countries, mortality, associated with the most common childhood viral and bacterial infections. The decline in the incidences of a number of important vaccine preventable infections, such as polio, diphtheria and measles, in many countries, and the worldwide eradication of the smallpox virus, is testimony to the effectiveness of this method of control.

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Sensitive Assays for Viral Antibodies in Saliva: An Alternative to Tests on Serum

Cited by 256 publications

References 7 publications

Hepatitis A in Hispanic Children Who Live Along the United States–Mexico Border: The Role of International Travel and Food-Borne Exposures

Hepatitis A in Hispanic Children Who Live Along the United States–Mexico Border: The Role of International Travel and Food-Borne Exposures

A review of outbreaks of infectious disease in schools in England and Wales 1979–88

The use of mathematical models in the epidemiological study of infectious diseases and in the design of mass immunization programmes

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