Sensitive and Selective Voltammetric Determination of Ciprofloxacin Using Screen‐printed Electrodes Modified with Carbon Black and Magnetic‐molecularly Imprinted Polymer

Abstract

This work reports the construction of screenprinted electrode (SPE) modified with carbon black (CB) and magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles coated with molecularly imprinted polymer (mag@MIP) based on an alternative low-cost approach. The proposed device was used for the sensitive and selective voltammetric determination of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The results obtained from cyclic voltammetry pointed to the improvement of the SPE response toward the irreversible oxidation of ciprofloxacin after the modification of the electrode surface with CB-based film and the magnetic preconcentration of mag@MIP containing adsorbed ciprofloxacin molecules. Compared to the non-molecularly imprinted sensor (mag@NIP), the presence of cavities selective for ciprofloxacin recognition in the mag@MIP nanoparticles accounted for the improvement in analytical signal of the molecularly imprinted sensor. The application of differential pulse voltammetry for ciprofloxacin determination yielded a linear response in the concentration range of 0.5 to 7.0 μmol L À 1 . The repeatability and interference tests results showed that the proposed electrochemical sensor has good measurement accuracy and selectivity. The proposed device was applied for the voltammetric determination of ciprofloxacin in river water and synthetic urine samples, where recovery rates close to 100 % were recorded for all the samples. The quantification data obtained from the application of the proposed voltammetric method were quite consistent with those of the HPLC reference method.

Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on eggshell waste recycling for the voltammetric simultaneous detection of the antibiotics ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin

“…The slopes for OFL and CIP, 0.048 and 0.058, respectively, show that the equivalent protons and electrons were involved in the electrochemical reaction [ 30 ]. These investigations follow the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of OFL and CIP as described in Scheme 1 [ 31 , 32 ].

Fig.

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“…Generally, α is granted to be 0.5, and n was found to be 2.06 for OFL and 2.3 for CIP, so the number of transfer electrons during the electrochemical oxidation for both analytes can be considered to equal 2. Due to the similarities in structure between OFL and CIP reported in the literature [ 31 , 34 ], the probable oxidation reactions of OFL and CIP at Ca 2 CuO 3 NS/CPE surface can describe as follows:…”

A Novel Synthesis of a Magnetic Porous Imprinted Polymer by Polyol Method Coupled with Electrochemical Biomimetic Sensor for the Detection of Folate in Food Samples

“…Wong et al, developed a screen-printed electrode modified with carbon black (CB) and magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles coated with a molecularly imprinted polymer (mag@MIP) for the monitoring of a ciprofloxacin antibiotic in the concentration range from 0.5 to 7.0 µmol L −1 . The proposed method was successful in the determination of ciprofloxacin in river water and synthetic urine samples, with recovery close to 100% [29].…”

“…In the literature, it is possible to find a few works employing electrochemical sensors modified with magnetic MIP. The advantages obtained using these materials are high selectivity and sensitivity and low cost [19,[29][30][31]. Wong et al, developed a screen-printed electrode modified with carbon black (CB) and magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles coated with a molecularly imprinted polymer (mag@MIP) for the monitoring of a ciprofloxacin antibiotic in the concentration range from 0.5 to 7.0 µmol L −1 .…”

Electroanalytical overview: the measurement of ciprofloxacin

“…40 Other notable work is the fabrication of SPEs modified with carbon black and magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles coated with a MIP. 41 In this approach, first the magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by a co-precipitation method which involves the use of iron( ii ) and iron( iii ) salts, which are placed into distilled water under stirring, where sodium hydroxide is added until the pH of 10 was obtained, resulting in magnetic iron nanoparticles in the range of 10–15 nm. Next, TEOS was added to the purified iron nanoparticles which was stirred for 12 h. The material (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 ) was then added to MPS (methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) and toluene producing Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 –MPS nanoparticles.…”