Sensitising potential of four textile dyes and some of their metabolites in a modified local lymph node assay

Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Oil Improves Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions via Inhibition of NF-κB and STAT1 Activation

“…The weights of the spleen and local lymph nodes increased after topical application of allergen [32,33]. Local lymph node and spleen weights were both markedly increased in DNCB-induced mice, which were significantly reduced following application of SBT oil.…”

Assessment of the sensitizing potential of textile disperse dyes and some of their metabolites by the loose-fit coculture-based sensitization assay (LCSA)

“…Ulrich et al (2001 described a two-tiered murine local lymph node assay and proposed that it is useful to discriminate between contact allergenic potential and skin irritation potential. In earlier studies, we established a biphasic sensitization-challenge protocol with an induction and an elicitation phase using non-radioactive endpoints, such as ear thickness, ear punch weight, lymph node weight, lymph node cell count and Xow cytometric measurement of various lymphocyte subpopulations (Stahlmann et al 2006;Ahuja et al 2009aAhuja et al , b, 2010.…”

Azo Dyes and Their Metabolites: Does the Discharge of the Azo Dye into Water Bodies Represent Human and Ecological Risks?

“…Hence, 2-amino-p-cresol can be considered to be a stronger allergen in this model. In contrast, 4-aminoacetanilide only led to an increase in lymph node weight and cellularity at the higher concentration of 30%, with no consistent changes in the phenotypic analysis, indicating that this metabolite alone was a weak sensitizer (Stahlmann et al, 2006).…”

“…Following oral or skin exposure to azo dyes, humans can subsequently be exposed to biotransformation products obtained by the action of intestinal microorganisms or that of others present on the skin, or due to reactions in the liver (Esancy et al, 1990;Chadwick et al, 1992;Stahlmann et al, 2006). Therefore it is extremely important to study the metabolic pathways of azo dyes that can contaminate the environment, in order to understand the overall spectrum of the toxic effects.…”

“…This may have been due to the formation of hydrazones at one of the azo bridges of this diazo dye, which might make it resistant to intestinal reduction (Combes & Haveland-Smith, 1982). Stahlmann et al (2006) reported investigations made to evaluate the sensitizing and allergenic potentials of two metabolites expected to be formed by the metabolic activity of skin bacteria and/or by metabolism in the skin. Two metabolites (4-aminoacetanilide and 2-amino-p-cresol) of Disperse Yellow 3, an azo dye widely used in the textile industry, were tested using modified local lymph node assay protocols in NMRI mice.…”