Sensing of Vascular Permeability in Inflamed Vessel of Live Animal

Abstract

Increase in vascular permeability is a conclusive response in the progress of inflammation. Under controlled conditions, leukocytes are known to migrate across the vascular barriers to the sites of inflammation without severe vascular rupture. However, when inflammatory state becomes excessive, the leakage of blood components may occur and can be lethal. Basically, vascular permeability can be analyzed based on the intensity of blood outflow. To evaluate the amount and rate of leakage in live mice, we performed cremaster muscle exteriorization to visualize blood flow and neutrophil migration. Using two-photon intravital microscopy of the exteriorized cremaster muscle venules, we found that vascular barrier function is transiently and locally disrupted in the early stage of inflammatory condition induced by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Measurement of the concentration of intravenously (i.v.) injected Texas Red dextran inside and outside the vessels resulted in clear visualization of real-time increases in transient and local vascular permeability increase in real-time manner. We successfully demonstrated repeated leakage from a target site on a blood vessel in association with increasing severity of inflammation. Therefore, compared to other methods, two-photon intravital microscopy more accurately visualizes and quantifies vascular permeability even in a small part of blood vessels in live animals in real time.

The Potential Role of Inflammation in Modulating Endogenous Hippocampal Neurogenesis After Spinal Cord Injury

“…Nonetheless, the direct effects of SCI-induced changes in cytokine levels on hippocampal neurogenesis and neuropathologies have yet to be elucidated. Notably, some cytokines levels are elevated only at the injury site which may not affect hippocampal neurogenesis, although can cause systemic changes since blood vessel permeability is proportional to the level of inflammation (Park et al, 2018) and the permeability of the blood spinal cord barrier is elevated for at least the first 8 weeks after injury (Cohen et al, 2009).…”

“…Indeed, UTI infections will mostly impact local regions around and in urinary tracts and may not affect hippocampal processes. Although, chronic inflammation in one region of the body still has potential to induce systemic changes over time, especially since inflammation increases blood vessel permeability (Park et al, 2018). Persons with SCI are more prone to both local infections, such as UTIs, and systemic infections, such as MRSA.…”

Heterogeneity and Dynamics of Vasculature in the Endocrine System During Aging and Disease

“…The avascular tubular compartment, comprised of convoluted seminiferous tubules, occupies approximately 60-80% of the total testicular volume in humans and is the location of spermatogenesis ( Ilacqua et al, 2018 ). In these tubules, nutrients are transported via the interstitial fluid, the formation of which is regulated by interstitial vessel permeability ( Sharpe, 1983 ; Park et al, 2018 ). Also, the tubular compartment also contains germ cells and Sertoli cells (SCs) that reside in the basal membrane, extending into the lumen of the seminiferous tubuli.…”

Comparison of adipose particle size on autologous fat graft retention in a rodent model

“…At each timepoint, grafted particles were easily discernable in the subcutaneous Figure 6A-H]. At one week, fat parcels in both small and large particle groups demonstrated bleeding, potentially indicating more permeable blood vessels and ongoing inflammation [26] . At later timepoints, angiogenesis and blood vessel stabilization were observed in both particle groups.…”