Sensing of formetanate pesticide in fruits with a boron-doped diamond electrode

Abstract

This study describes the development of a simple and accurate methodology for carbamate pesticide formetanate (FMT) analysis in fruits based on the use of a boron-diamond doped electrode (BDDE) cathodically pretreated and on the forward component of the current of square-wave voltammetry (SWV). FMT exhibits a well-defined irreversible oxidation process, which reaction mechanism is diffusion-controlled, involves the participation of one electron and is influenced by the electrolyte pH. However, protonation does not participate in the ratedetermining step in the redox process. The optimum experimental and voltammetric conditions were pH 7.0 (0.04 mol L −1 Britton-Robinson buffer), pulse potential frequency of 20 s −1 , amplitude of the pulse of 25 mV, and height of the potential step of 3 mV. Under the optimum conditions, calibration curve was linear from 4.98 × 10 −7 to 1.70 × 10 −5 mol L −1 FMT with a limit of detection of 3.7 × 10 −7 mol L −1. FMT sensing was performed in different fruits (mango and grape). Recoveries ranged from 95.2 ± 2.8 to 104.0 ± 3.5% for mango and 96.5 ± 2.5 to 105.2 ± 3.5% for grape proving the accuracy and precision of the electroanalytical methodology. The attained data validated the applicability of the developed approach for FMT quantification in fruits.

Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities

“…With this in mind, an optimum boron doping concentration and sp 3 /sp 2 ratio can be selected for any particular electroanalytical sensing application, taking into consideration the specific sensitivity, potential window, and material stability requirements. For example, in small molecule sensing where high sensitivities are required, a boron concentration of ~8000 ppm is commonly used [ 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 216 , 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 , 221 , 222 , 223 , 224 ]. This mid- to high-doping concentration yields a material with high conductivity and moderate sp 2 impurities compared to heavily doped BDD [ 112 ].…”

Advances in electrochemical detection methods for measuring contaminants of emerging concerns

“…A variety of electrochemical detection methods have been developed using conductive polymers, 3D graphene-Au or reduced graphene decorated with Cu/CuO-Ag for carbaryl, [187][188][189] chitosan-magnetite for bendiocarb, [190] iron oxidechitosan-AChE composites, and printable carbon black SPE for carbofuran, [191][192][193][194][195] press-transferred carbon black on microfluidic chips for phenyl carbamate. [196] Other electrode configurations are based on boron-doped diamond that have been used to detect mancozeb, [197] formetanate, [198] methiocarb, [199] methomyl, [200] and ziram. [201] The status of nanomaterials-based electro-chemical pesticides detection and recent trends has been reviewed recently.…”

Analytical Applications of Electrochemically Pretreated Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes

“…Interestingly, in the last decade or so, there were many reports of different analytical applications based on CPT‐BDDEs, but lacking comparisons with the performance of the APT or as‐grown electrode; the CPT may have been preceded or not by an APT. This direct, trustful use of CPT‐BDDEs is most probably based on the understanding that HT‐BDD surfaces are hydrophobic and thus might better interact with the investigated analyte, consequently resulting in a higher intensity of the current signal …”