Sensing Methods for Hazardous Phenolic Compounds Based on Graphene and Conducting Polymers-Based Materials

Hashim, Hazwani Suhaila; Fen, Yap Wing; Omar, Nur Alia Sheh; Fauzi, Nurul Illya Muhamad

doi:10.3390/chemosensors9100291

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 252 publications

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“…With new generation biosensors, a more sensitive response is obtained by reducing the electroactive products to quinone, and the enzymatic reaction can be evidenced by a cathode current. Quinones can be reduced directly [ 71 , 72 ] or by redox mediators with catalytic activity [ 73 , 74 ], usually at a negative potential [ 45 ]. The intensity of the cathodic current is proportional to the concentration of phenolic compounds present in the sample.…”

Section: Tyrosinase-based Electrochemical Biosensors—characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tyrosinase Immobilization Strategies for the Development of Electrochemical Biosensors—A Review

Bounegru

Apetrei

2023

Nanomaterials

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The development of enzyme biosensors has successfully overcome various challenges such as enzyme instability, loss of enzyme activity or long response time. In the electroanalytical field, tyrosinase is used to develop biosensors that exploit its ability to catalyze the oxidation of numerous types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and neurotransmitter roles. This review critically examines the main tyrosinase immobilization techniques for the development of sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Immobilization strategies are mainly classified according to the degree of reversibility/irreversibility of enzyme binding to the support material. Each tyrosinase immobilization method has advantages and limitations, and its selection depends mainly on the type of support electrode, electrode-modifying nanomaterials, cross-linking agent or surfactants used. Tyrosinase immobilization by cross-linking is characterized by very frequent use with outstanding performance of the developed biosensors. Additionally, research in recent years has focused on new immobilization strategies involving cross-linking, such as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs). Therefore, it can be considered that cross-linking immobilization is the most feasible and economical approach, also providing the possibility of selecting the reagents used and the order of the immobilization steps, which favor the enhancement of biosensor performance characteristics.

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Section: Tyrosinase-based Electrochemical Biosensors—characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tyrosinase Immobilization Strategies for the Development of Electrochemical Biosensors—A Review

Bounegru

Apetrei

2023

Nanomaterials

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“…However, PANI do have various shortcomings such as relatively low processing ability and mechanical strength. These inadequacies can be overcome, and their gas-sensing properties can be tailored substantially by forming graphene/conducting polymer hybrids [ 161 , 162 ]. Karouei et al recently studied the gas-sensing characteristics of a graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite under varying humidity conditions at room temperature.…”

Section: Applications Of Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Synthesis Techniques and Environmental Applications

Abbas

Shinde²,

Abdelkareem³

et al. 2022

Materials

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Graphene is fundamentally a two-dimensional material with extraordinary optical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical characteristics. It has a versatile surface chemistry and large surface area. It is a carbon nanomaterial, which comprises sp2 hybridized carbon atoms placed in a hexagonal lattice with one-atom thickness, giving it a two-dimensional structure. A large number of synthesis techniques including epitaxial growth, liquid phase exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, and chemical vapor deposition are used for the synthesis of graphene. Graphene prepared using different techniques can have a number of benefits and deficiencies depending on its application. This study provides a summary of graphene preparation techniques and critically assesses the use of graphene, its derivates, and composites in environmental applications. These applications include the use of graphene as membrane material for the detoxication and purification of water, active material for gas sensing, heavy metal ions detection, and CO2 conversion. Furthermore, a trend analysis of both synthesis techniques and environmental applications of graphene has been performed by extracting and analyzing Scopus data from the past ten years. Finally, conclusions and outlook are provided to address the residual challenges related to the synthesis of the material and its use for environmental applications.

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“…Linear conducting polymers including polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), polyfuran (PF), and polythiophene (PTh) have been equally examined theoretically and experimentally to inspect their sensing properties 20,21 . Literature study showed that conducting polymers have been used for the detection of hydrazine, methanol, ethanol, halogens, hydrogen halides, H 2 O, CO 2 , CH 4 , NH 3 , and other compounds [22][23][24][25][26] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%