Sensing how to balance

Ango, Fabrice; Reis, Raphael Dos

doi:10.7554/elife.46973

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Therefore, these opposed polarities may couple centrally as activation/disinhibition, which may sharpen tuning, and increase sensitivity of the vestibular nuclei to natural stimuli. Furthermore, Maklad and Fritzsch (2003) and Maklad et al (2010) demonstrated in mice that hair cells of one polarity outside the striola projects almost exclusively into the cerebellum, whereas the other polarity medial to striola projects to the brainstem, a finding recently supported by detailed physiological and connectional investigation of canal cristae (Ango & Dos Reis, 2019;Balmer & Trussell, 2019). The cerebellum, with its inhibitory Purkinje cells projecting to the vestibular nuclei, may provide another layer of cross-striolar inhibition (Balmer & Trussell, 2019;Maklad et al, 2010).…”

Section: Physiological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Hair cell morphological patterns and polarity organization in the sea lamprey vestibular cristae

Fritzsch

Kersigo

Rejent

et al. 2023

The Anatomical Record

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The inner ear of the sea lamprey was examined by scanning electron microscopy, antibody labeling with tubulin, Myo7a, Spectrin, and Phalloidin stain to elucidate the canal cristae organization and the morphology and polarity of the hair cells. We characterized the hair cell stereocilia bundles and their morphological polarity with respect to the kinocilia. We identified three types of hair cells. In Type 1 hair cells, the kinocilia were slightly longer than the tallest stereocilia. This type was located along the medial bank of the crista and their polarity, based on kinocilia location, was uniformly pointed ampullipetally. Type 2 hair cells that had kinocilia that were much longer than the stereocilia, were most abundant in the central region of the crista. This type of hair cell displayed variable polarity. Type 3 hair cells had extremely long kinocilia (~40–50 μm long) and with extremely short stereocilia. They were mostly located in the lateral zone crista and displayed ampullipetal polarity. Myo7a and tubulin antibodies revealed that hair cells and vestibular afferents are distributed across the canal cristae in the lamprey, covering the area of cruciate eminence; a feature that is absent in more derived vertebrates. Spectrin shows hair cells of varying polarities in the central zone. In this zone, some cells followed the main polarity vector (lateral) like those in medial and lateral zones, whereas other cells displayed polarities that carried up to 40° from the main polarity vector.

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Section: Physiological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Hair cell morphological patterns and polarity organization in the sea lamprey vestibular cristae

Fritzsch

Kersigo

Rejent

et al. 2023

The Anatomical Record

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“…The vestibular system connects with the vestibular ganglion, which sends primary afferents directly to the cerebellum and secondary afferents to the vestibular nuclei. Primary and secondary afferents synapse with unipolar brush cells within the cerebellum, which connect with granule cells that ultimately contact Purkinje cells ( Ango and Dos Reis, 2019 ). Interestingly, Zanin et al (2016) showed that the conditional deletion of p75NTR only in cells from the external granule layer recapitulate the balance defect observed in the p75NTR ExonIII KO.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Dimorphism in Balance and Coordination in p75NTRexonIII Knock-Out Mice

Abbasian

Langlois

Gibon

2022

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is implicated in various biological functions during development and adulthood. Several animal models have been developed to identify the roles of p75NTR in vivo and in vitro. P75NTRExonIII knock-out mice are widely used to study the neurotrophin receptor and its signaling pathways. Similar to other models of p75NTR knock-out (p75NTRExon IV KO) or conditional knock-out (p75NTRfl/fl) mice, p75NTRExonIII knock-out mice present severe abnormalities in walking, gait, balance and strength. The present study identifies a sexual dimorphism in the p75NTRExonIII knock-out strain regarding balance and coordination. Using Kondziela’s inverted grid test, we observed that p75NTRExonIII knock-out males performed poorly at the task, whereas p75NTRExonIII knock-out females did not exhibit any defects. We also observed that female p75NTRExonIII knock-out mice performed significantly better than male p75NTRExonIII knock-out mice at the beam balance test. There were no differences in strength, skin innervation, or the number of ulcers on the toes between p75NTRExonIII knock-out males and females. The literature regarding the role of p75NTR in behavior is controversial; our results suggest that studies investigating the role of p75NTR in vivo using p75NTR knock-out mice should systematically report data from males and females.

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“…Interestingly, vestibular nuclei also engage the oculomotor areas of the vermis (lobules V-VII) (82) while processing direct input from the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus that processes proprioceptive information from extraocular and neck muscles to control eye-head coordination (134) and from periodontal ligaments to coordinate mastication (133). As expected, damage to flocculo-nodular and adjacent portions of the vermis, such as the uvula, can cause vertigo and extreme disturbance of equilibrium, head and body posture, and ocular movements (144,145).…”

Section: Axonal Input To the Cerebellummentioning

confidence: 96%

Cerebro-Cerebellar Networks in Migraine Symptoms and Headache

Noseda

2022

Front. Pain Res.

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The cerebellum is associated with the biology of migraine in a variety of ways. Clinically, symptoms such as fatigue, motor weakness, vertigo, dizziness, difficulty concentrating and finding words, nausea, and visual disturbances are common in different types of migraine. The neural basis of these symptoms is complex, not completely known, and likely involve activation of both specific and shared circuits throughout the brain. Posterior circulation stroke, or neurosurgical removal of posterior fossa tumors, as well as anatomical tract tracing in animals, provided the first insights to theorize about cerebellar functions. Nowadays, with the addition of functional imaging, much progress has been done on cerebellar structure and function in health and disease, and, as a consequence, the theories refined. Accordingly, the cerebellum may be useful but not necessary for the execution of motor, sensory or cognitive tasks, but, rather, would participate as an efficiency facilitator of neurologic functions by improving speed and skill in performance of tasks produced by the cerebral area to which it is reciprocally connected. At the subcortical level, critical regions in these processes are the basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei. Altogether, a modulatory role of the cerebellum over multiple brain regions appears compelling, mainly by considering the complexity of its reciprocal connections to common neural networks involved in motor, vestibular, cognitive, affective, sensory, and autonomic processing—all functions affected at different phases and degrees across the migraine spectrum. Despite the many associations between cerebellum and migraine, it is not known whether this structure contributes to migraine initiation, symptoms generation or headache. Specific cerebellar dysfunction via genetically driven excitatory/inhibitory imbalances, oligemia and/or increased risk to white matter lesions has been proposed as a critical contributor to migraine pathogenesis. Therefore, given that neural projections and functions of many brainstem, midbrain and forebrain areas are shared between the cerebellum and migraine trigeminovascular pathways, this review will provide a synopsis on cerebellar structure and function, its role in trigeminal pain, and an updated overview of relevant clinical and preclinical literature on the potential role of cerebellar networks in migraine pathophysiology.

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Sensing how to balance

Abstract: How does the inner ear communicate with the cerebellar cortex to maintain balance and posture?

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Hair cell morphological patterns and polarity organization in the sea lamprey vestibular cristae

Hair cell morphological patterns and polarity organization in the sea lamprey vestibular cristae

Sexual Dimorphism in Balance and Coordination in p75NTRexonIII Knock-Out Mice

Cerebro-Cerebellar Networks in Migraine Symptoms and Headache

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