Sensing and Monitoring for Stadium Structures: A Review of Recent Advances and a Forward Look

Abstract

Stadiums like those used for sporting or concert events are distinct from other civil engineering structures due to several different characteristics. Some challenges mainly originate from the interaction with the human factor, as stadiums are subjected to both synchronized and random motion of large crowds. The investigations in the literature on this topic clearly state that stadiums designs are in urgent need of more reliable load quantification and modeling strategies, deeper understanding of structural response, generation of simple but efficient human-structure interaction models, and more accurate criteria for vibration acceptability. Although many esthetically pleasing and technologically advanced stadiums have been designed and constructed using structurally innovative methods, recent research on this field still calls for less conservative and more realistic designs. This article aims to highlight the recent advances in this field and to provide a follow-up to the literature review covering until 2008 (Jones et al., 2011a) on vibration serviceability of stadiums structures. The article will also discuss new sensing and monitoring techniques on load-time history measurements and their regeneration, as well as crowd motion, stadium health monitoring, and human comfort analysis. Operational effects of crowds on the dynamic properties are also discussed. The article concludes with a forward look on the recommended work and research for dynamic assessment of stadiums.

Investigation of Dynamic Responses and Vibration Serviceability of Temporary Grandstands by a 3 DOF Interaction Model due to Swaying Motion

“…As indicated by the comparison of curve peak values, although the latter two are greater than the former, more attention is paid to the response of the structure in practical application. In addition, the structural acceleration curve form obtained by theoretical calculation is similar to the structural response obtained from the measured crowd swaying test (when the crowd is seated and swaying at 1.8 Hz, and the peak value is divided by 16).…”

“…us, there are two key areas of human-structure interaction: first, the human body forces induced by crowds, which have rhythmic activities; second, the dynamic responses of structure and serviceability of human-induced vibrations. To date, a number of research projects have largely focused on producing load models to accurately represent the dynamic crowd load, and great advances have been done to investigate the human-structure interaction [3,5,[12][13][14][15][16], to better understand the vibration response of grandstand structure.…”

Experimental Validation of a Vision-Based Technique to Estimate the Crowd Loading on Stadium Grandstands

“…• The applicability and the efficacy of the method is experimentally validated by considering a large crowd of 108 volunteers jumping on a real-life stadium grandstand. For the above reasons, this study represents an important step towards the development of more realistic crowd loading models that is strongly needed in the current guidance for stadiums design [17].…”

Effect of Non-Structural Components on the Dynamic Response of Steel-Framed Floors: Tests Before and After Component Installations

“…As the modern and slender architectural designs have resulted in lightly damped structures, the civil structural systems have become more vulnerable to vibrations (Celik et al, 2016;Catbas et al, 2017;Do et al, 2018;Muhammad et al, 2018). While floor vibrations serviceability has gained more attention for elevated building floors over the decades (Živanović et al, 2007;Racic et al, 2009;Díaz and Reynolds, 2010a;Díaz and Reynolds, 2010b;Díaz et al, 2012;Racic et al, 2013;Muhammad and Reynolds, 2019), there are still important aspects that need to be further researched both analytically and experimentally (Barrett et al, 2006;Avci, 2015;Shahabpoor et al, 2017;Younis et al, 2017).…”